Ryanodine-Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor calcium channels

The ryanodine-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor Ca²⁺ channel (RIR-CaC) family includes Ryanodine receptors and Inositol trisphosphate receptors. Members of this family are large proteins, some exceeding 5000 amino acyl residues in length. This family belongs to the Voltage-gated ion channel (VIC) superfamily. Ry receptors occur primarily in muscle cell sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) membranes, and IP₃ receptors occur primarily in brain cell endoplasmic reticular (ER) membranes where they effect release of Ca²⁺ into the cytoplasm upon activation (opening) of the channel. They are redox sensors, possibly providing a partial explanation for how they control cytoplasmic Ca²⁺. Ry receptors have been identified in heart mitochondria where they provide the main pathway for Ca²⁺ entry.^[1] Sun et al. (2011) have demonstrated oxygen-coupled redox regulation of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor-Ca²⁺ release channel (RyR1;TC# 1.A.3.1.2) by NADPH oxidase 4.^[2]

Ryanodine receptor 2
Identifiers
Symbol	RYR2
Pfam	PF02026
InterPro	IPR003032
SMART	SM00054
PROSITE	PS50188
TCDB	1.A.3
OPM superfamily	8
OPM protein	6dr2
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary PDB 4JKQ

Function

Ryanodine (Ry)-sensitive and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP₃)-sensitive Ca²⁺-release channels function in the release of Ca²⁺ from intracellular storage sites in animal cells and thereby regulate various Ca²⁺-dependent physiological processes.^[3] The Ry receptors are activated as a result of the activity of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca²⁺ channels. Ry receptors, IP₃ receptors, and dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca²⁺ channels (TC#1.A.1.11.2) are members of the voltage-sensitive ion channel (VIC) superfamily (TC# 1.A.1). Dihydropyridine-sensitive channels are present in the T-tubular systems of muscle tissues. Ry receptor 2 dysfunction leads to arrhythmias, altered myocyte contraction during the process of EC (excitation-contraction) coupling, and sudden cardiac death.^[4] Neomycin is a RyR blocker which serves as a pore plug and a competitive antagonist at a cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ binding site that causes allosteric inhibition.^[5]

The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by members of the RIR-CaC family following channel activation is:^[6]

Ca²⁺ (out, or sequestered in the ER or SR) → Ca²⁺ (cell cytoplasm).

Structure

Ry and IP₃ receptors consist of (1) an N-terminal ligand binding domain, (2) a central modulatory domain and (3) a C-terminal channel-forming domain. The 3-D structure (2.2 Å) of the inositol 1,3,5-triphosphate receptor of an IP₃ receptor has been solved (PDB: 1N4K​).^[7] Structural and functional conservation of key domains in IP₃ and ryanodine receptors has been reviewed by Seo et al. (2012).^[8] Members of the VIC (TC# 1.A.1), RIR-CaC (TC# 2.A.3) and TRP-CC (TC# 1.A.4) families have similar transmembrane domain structures, but very different cytosolic domain structures.^[9]

The channel domains of the Ry and IP₃ receptors comprise a coherent family that shows apparent structural similarities as well as sequence similarity with proteins of the VIC family (TC #1.A.1). The Ry receptors and the IP₃ receptors cluster separately on the RIR-CaC family tree. They both have homologues in Drosophila. Based on the phylogenetic tree for the family, the family probably evolved in the following sequence:

1. A gene duplication event occurred that gave rise to Ry and IP3 receptors in invertebrates.
2. Vertebrates evolved from invertebrates.
3. The three isoforms of each receptor arose as a result of two distinct gene duplication events.
4. These isoforms were transmitted to mammals before divergence of the mammalian species.

Ry receptors

Ry receptors are homotetrameric complexes with each subunit exhibiting a molecular size of over 500,000 daltons (about 5,000 amino acyl residues). They possess C-terminal domains with six putative transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs). Putative pore-forming sequences occur between the fifth and sixth TMSs as suggested for members of the VIC family. Recently an 8 TMS topology with four hairpin loops has been suggested.^[10] The large N-terminal hydrophilic domains and the small C-terminal hydrophilic domains are localized to the cytoplasm. Mammals possess at least three isoforms which probably arose by gene duplication and divergence before divergence of the mammalian species. Homologues are present in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorabditis elegans.

Tetrameric cardiac and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticular ryanodine receptors (RyR) are large (~2.3 MDa). The complexes include signaling proteins such as 4 FKBP12 molecules, protein kinases, phosphatases, etc. They modulate the activity of and the binding of immunophilin to the channel. FKBP12 is required for normal gating as well as coupled gating between neighboring channels. PKA phosphorylation of RyR dissociates FKBP12 yielding increased Ca²⁺ sensitivity for activation, part of the excitation-contraction (fight or flight) response.^[11]

IP₃ receptors

IP₃ receptors resemble Ry receptors in many respects.^[12]

1. They are homotetrameric complexes with each subunit exhibiting a molecular size of over 300,000 daltons (about 2,700 amino acyl residues).
2. They possess C-terminal channel domains that are homologous to those of the Ry receptors.
3. The channel domains possess six putative TMSs and a putative channel lining region between TMSs 5 and 6.
4. Both the large N-terminal domains and the smaller C-terminal tails face the cytoplasm.
5. They possess covalently linked carbohydrate on extracytoplasmic loops of the channel domains.
6. They have three currently recognized isoforms (types 1, 2, and 3) in mammals which are subject to differential regulation and have different tissue distributions. They co-localize with Orai channels (TC# 1.A.52) in pancreatic acinar cells.^[13]

IP₃ receptors possess three domains:

1. N-terminal IP₃-binding domains,
2. central coupling or
3. regulatory domains and C-terminal channel domains.

Channels are activated by IP₃ binding, and like the Ry receptors, the activities of the IP₃ receptor channels are regulated by phosphorylation of the regulatory domains, catalyzed by various protein kinases. They predominate in the endoplasmic reticular membranes of various cell types in the brain but have also been found in the plasma membranes of some nerve cells derived from a variety of tissues.

Specific residues in the putative pore helix, selectivity filter and S6 transmembrane helix of the IP₃ receptor, have been mutated in order to examine their effects on channel function.^[14] Mutation of 5 of 8 highly conserved residues in the pore helix/selectivity filter region inactivated the channel. Channel function was also inactivated by G2586P and F2592D mutations. These studies defined the pore-forming segment in IP₃.^[14]

See also

• IP₃ receptor
• Ryanodine receptor
• Voltage-gated ion channel
• Ion channel
• Receptor (biochemistry)

References

1. Beutner G, Sharma VK, Giovannucci DR, Yule DI, Sheu SS (June 2001). "Identification of a ryanodine receptor in rat heart mitochondria". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (24): 21482–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101486200. PMID 11297554.
2. Sun QA, Hess DT, Nogueira L, Yong S, Bowles DE, Eu J, Laurita KR, Meissner G, Stamler JS (September 2011). "Oxygen-coupled redox regulation of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor-Ca2+ release channel by NADPH oxidase 4". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (38): 16098–103. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10816098S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1109546108. PMC 3179127. PMID 21896730.
3. Santulli, Gaetano; Marks, Andrew (2015). "Essential Roles of Intracellular Calcium Release Channels in Muscle, Brain, Metabolism, and Aging". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 8 (2): 206–222. doi:10.2174/1874467208666150507105105. ISSN 1874-4672. PMID 25966694.
4. Thomas NL, George CH, Williams AJ, Lai FA (November 2007). "Ryanodine receptor mutations in arrhythmias: advances in understanding the mechanisms of channel dysfunction". Biochemical Society Transactions. 35 (Pt 5): 946–51. doi:10.1042/BST0350946. PMID 17956252.
5. Laver DR, Hamada T, Fessenden JD, Ikemoto N (December 2007). "The ryanodine receptor pore blocker neomycin also inhibits channel activity via a previously undescribed high-affinity Ca(2+) binding site". The Journal of Membrane Biology. 220 (1–3): 11–20. doi:10.1007/s00232-007-9067-3. PMID 17879109. S2CID 38255566.
6. "1.A.3 The Ryanodine-Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate Receptor Ca2+ Channel (RIR-CaC) Family". TCDB. Retrieved 2016-04-10.
7. Bosanac I, Alattia JR, Mal TK, Chan J, Talarico S, Tong FK, Tong KI, Yoshikawa F, Furuichi T, Iwai M, Michikawa T, Mikoshiba K, Ikura M (December 2002). "Structure of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding core in complex with its ligand". Nature. 420 (6916): 696–700. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..696B. doi:10.1038/nature01268. PMID 12442173. S2CID 4422308.
8. Seo MD, Velamakanni S, Ishiyama N, Stathopulos PB, Rossi AM, Khan SA, Dale P, Li C, Ames JB, Ikura M, Taylor CW (January 2012). "Structural and functional conservation of key domains in InsP3 and ryanodine receptors". Nature. 483 (7387): 108–12. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..108S. doi:10.1038/nature10751. PMC 3378505. PMID 22286060.
9. Mio K, Ogura T, Sato C (May 2008). "Structure of six-transmembrane cation channels revealed by single-particle analysis from electron microscopic images". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 15 (Pt 3): 211–4. Bibcode:2008JSynR..15..211M. doi:10.1107/S0909049508004640. PMC 2394823. PMID 18421141.
10. Du GG, Sandhu B, Khanna VK, Guo XH, MacLennan DH (December 2002). "Topology of the Ca2+ release channel of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (RyR1)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (26): 16725–30. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916725D. doi:10.1073/pnas.012688999. PMC 139211. PMID 12486242.
11. Gaburjakova M, Gaburjakova J, Reiken S, Huang F, Marx SO, Rosemblit N, Marks AR (May 2001). "FKBP12 binding modulates ryanodine receptor channel gating". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (20): 16931–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100856200. PMID 11279144.
12. Mikoshiba, Katsuhiko; Furuichi, Teiichi; Miyawaki, Atsushi (1997-01-01). "IP3-sensitive calcium channel". In Lee, A. G. (ed.). Transmembrane Receptors and Channels. Vol. 6. JAI. pp. 273–289. doi:10.1016/s1874-5342(96)80040-7. ISBN 9781559386630.
13. Lur G, Sherwood MW, Ebisui E, Haynes L, Feske S, Sutton R, Burgoyne RD, Mikoshiba K, Petersen OH, Tepikin AV (June 2011). "InsP₃receptors and Orai channels in pancreatic acinar cells: co-localization and its consequences". The Biochemical Journal. 436 (2): 231–9. doi:10.1042/BJ20110083. PMC 3262233. PMID 21568942.
14. Schug ZT, da Fonseca PC, Bhanumathy CD, Wagner L, Zhang X, Bailey B, Morris EP, Yule DI, Joseph SK (February 2008). "Molecular characterization of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor pore-forming segment". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (5): 2939–48. doi:10.1074/jbc.M706645200. PMID 18025085.

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