Species of mammal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis), also known as the bushman rabbit or bushman hare, is a species of rabbit found only in the central and southern regions of the Karoo Desert of South Africa's Western and Northern Cape provinces. It is the only member of the genus Bunolagus. The most recent estimates of the species' population range from 157 to 207 mature individuals, and 224 to 380 total.
| Riverine rabbit[1] | |
|---|---|
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| Bunolagus monticularis in Western Cape, South Africa | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Lagomorpha |
| Family: | Leporidae |
| Genus: | Bunolagus Thomas, 1929 |
| Species: | B. monticularis |
| Binomial name | |
| Bunolagus monticularis (Thomas, 1903) | |
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| IUCN distribution of the Riverine rabbit
Extant (resident) | |
They have a diet which consists of mostly plants and vegetation, but their usual food sources are being diminished, causing a scarcity for their population. This food loss is also connected to other problems such as with forming burrows. A unique aspect of its biology is that females can only produce one offspring per year. This contributes to how it is classified as critically endangered, which is the most severe classification available. Other unique traits include being nocturnal, and producing two different types of droppings. Currently, there are conservation plans being enacted to help with its decreasing population and habitat.
The riverine rabbit's scientific name is Bunolagus monticularis.[3] It was first described by Oldfield Thomas in 1903 as Lepus monticularis with the type locality of Deelfontein, Cape Colony, South Africa;[4] it was separated into its own species in 1929.[5] Some common names referring to it are the bushman hare and the bushman rabbit.[6] This rabbit also has names in Afrikaans, such as boshaas and vleihaas, referring to the rabbit's habitats being moist and dense - bos meaning "forest" or "thicket", vlei meaning "swamp", and haas meaning "hare".[7] Other names it has are pondhaas and oewerkonyn.[5]
Genetically, the closest relations of Bunolagus monticularis are to the Amami rabbit, the hispid hare, and the European rabbit.[7] A cladogram showing this is from Matthee et al., 2004, based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene analysis.[8]
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Bunolagus is not well known in the fossil record. It may date back to the middle Pleistocene, 0.4 million years ago in South Africa. Its distribution has likely always been very restricted. The only known fossils of the genus have as of 2007 been reconsidered as small specimens of Lepus.[9]
The riverine rabbit is native to the Karoo desert in South Africa.[10] It has a similar appearance to hares (lagomorphs in the genus Lepus), particularly in the characteristics of the skull; it most closely resembles the Cape hare (Lepus capensis) in its morphology, but not in its fur patterns. It is distinct from the red rock hares,[5] some of which overlap it in distribution;[11][2] in its first description, it was noted as being about the same size as the Natal red rock hare (Pronolagus crassicaudatus),[4] though it has been later described as smaller than all red rock hares besides Smith's red rock hare (P. rupestris).[12]
Bunolagus monticularis has an adult head and body length of 33.7 to 47.0 centimetres (13.3 to 18.5 in), and typically has a dark brown stripe running from the lower jaw over the cheek and upwards towards the base of the ears and a white ring around each eye.[5] The nuchal patch, as well as the limbs and lower flanks, are rufous in color.[13] It has a brown woolly tail, cream or greyish-coloured fur on its belly and throat, and a broad, club-like hind foot. Its dental formula is 2.0.3.31.0.2.3 × 2 = 28, like other rabbits.[14] Its tail is pale brown with a tinge of black toward the tip. Its coat is soft and silky, more so than that of hares, and is of a reddish-brown to black shade. Its limbs are short and heavily furred, with the hind foot measuring 9–12 centimetres (3.5–4.7 in).[5] The ears measure 11–12 centimetres (4.3–4.7 in)[15] and are rounded at the tips.[13] Male riverine rabbits weigh approximately 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb) while females weigh about 1.8 kilograms (4.0 lb).[16]
Bunolagus monticularis is found in only a few places in the Karoo Desert of South Africa's Northern Cape province. Sanbona Wildlife Reserve is classified as a protected wilderness area, which has a successful breeding population, where it is being researched and monitored. As its name suggests, the Riverine rabbit prefers to occupy river basins and very particular shrubland. It feeds on the dense shrubland and the soft soil allows for it to create vast burrows and dens for protection, brooding young, and thermoregulation. The riverine rabbit lives in very dense growth along the seasonal rivers in the central semi-arid Karoo region of South Africa. Its habitat regions are tropical and terrestrial while its terrestrial biomes are desert or dune and scrub forest.[16] Two of the most common plants in its habitat are Salsola glabrescens, Amaranthaceae (34·8%) and Lycium spp. Solanaceae (11·2%).[15]
They appear and live specifically in riverine vegetation on alluvial soils adjacent to seasonal rivers,[17] though studies have found this habitat to be sixty-seven percent fragmented in certain areas. Currently the habitat is decreasing in size, contributing to this species being classified as endangered. The primary reason for the decline in habitats is due to cultivation and livestock farming. Major threats to this species comes from loss and degradation of habitat. Over the last hundred years, over two-thirds of their habitat has been lost. Today only five hundred mature riverine rabbits are estimated to be living in the wild. Removal of the natural vegetation along the rivers and streams prevent the rabbits from being able to construct stable breeding burrows. This is because of the loss of the soft alluvial top soils, which are necessary for the construction of these. Another cause of damage and loss to their habitats comes from overgrazing of domestic herbivores, which also causes degradation and fragmentation of the land. Without suitable habitat they have a lower rate of survival.[6] A 1990 study put forth that the remaining habitat was thought to only be able to support 1,435 rabbits.[18]
Riverine rabbits are solitary and nocturnal.[15] They feed on their preferred foods, flowers, grasses, leaves at night. During the day they rest in forms. It produces two types of droppings. While active during the night the rabbit will produce hard droppings, and during the day droppings are soft, taken directly from the anus, and swallowed. In this way the riverine rabbit obtains vitamin B, produced by bacteria in the hind gut, and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are recycled.[10]
They are polygamous, but they live and browse for food alone. They have intra-sexually exclusive home ranges; the males' home ranges overlap slightly with those of the various females. The breeding season takes place between August and May, wherein females will make a nest in a burrow lined with grass and fur, and blocked with soil and twigs to keep out predators.[15]
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The riverine rabbit is predominantly known for being a browser.[16] When grasses are available during the wet season, they are the rabbit's preferred food, but most of the time the diet of Bunolagus monticularis is restricted to the flowers and leaves of dicotyledons in the Karoo Desert. These include species in the families Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, and Aizoaceae.[19] This also includes the vegetation of salt-loving plants such as the salsola and lycium that grow along seasonal rivers in the desert. Aside from their conventional food intake, they also consume their day-time droppings which are soft and come directly from the anus in the process known as cecotrophy. This is advantageous because their faeces contains vitamins produced by the bacteria in the hindgut, as well as nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus.[16]
The riverine rabbit has a polygamous mating system, where males mate with more than one female. Based on limited observations, the breeding season takes place from August through May, and gestation takes 35 to 36 days. It bears its young underground for protection, relying on soft soil in the flood plains of its habitat to construct its breeding burrows. These burrows are lined with fur and grass, and the entrance is closed off with dirt and twigs for camouflage from predators. This burrow is 20–30 centimetres (7.9–11.8 in) long, and the nesting chamber within is 12–17 centimetres (4.7–6.7 in) wide.[15]
The offspring that the rabbit produces, one to two per litter, are born altricial, or bald, blind, and helpless, and weighs from 40 to 50 grams. The helpless offspring stays with the mother until it is capable of living on its own and fending for itself.[5] The low breeding rate of only one to two offspring per year is unlike most other rabbits and has led to attempts to increase numbers of this endangered species.[16] A breeding colony has been established at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre near Pretoria.[20]
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The riverine rabbit is hunted by falconiformes and black eagles. However, it is capable of jumping over one meter high bushes when being pursued by a predator. To escape predation, it remains nocturnal, spending the day resting in a form, which is a shallow scrape made in the soil under a Karoo bush.[7]
The riverine rabbit provides many benefits for farmers. It causes the riverine vegetation that it eats to bind to the soil and prevent it from being washed away in floods. Also, this vegetation promotes filtration of rainwater to groundwater, which is a benefit to farmers, who often use windmills to draw up water for their livestock. Indirectly, the habitat of riverine rabbit helps humans in farming. This benefit can only be sustained if the rabbit continues to feed on this vegetation.[16]
The riverine rabbit is in extreme danger of extinction. In 1981, it was first labelled as an endangered species.[7] According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature it is classified under the most severe category of endangerment (aside from extinction)—critically endangered. It has a population of 157 to 207 mature rabbits and up to 380 overall, which continues to decline. This species' population is divided into several isolated groups, about 12 in total, all with less than 50 rabbits in each. These isolated populations are protected by jackal-proof fencing and separated by major agricultural projects.[2]
The decline in the population is largely due to the alteration of its habitat as over half of it has been rendered unable to support the rabbit since 1970. The reason for this is largely due to the use of land for agriculture, causing the unique needed environment of the riverine rabbit to be destroyed. The range of habitable area continues to decline, and it is predicted that over the next 100 years that another fifth of habitable area will be lost. The reason for this ongoing destruction of the rabbit's habitat is the practise of raising animals for commercial reasons in the area, causing the environment to be transformed to serve this end. Another ongoing threat to the rabbit is how the isolated groups are divided up because fields in the area often have fencing which is impermeable to this species, designed to keep out jackals.[6] An additional threat to the species is found in how the remaining land left that supports it is being damaged by climate change. Other sources for population reduction are found in how the rabbit is hunted for entertainment, food, and collection, and also in how the rabbit has often fallen into traps set on farms, for the purpose of capturing other bothersome animals.[21] Soil erosion in the area of habitation is another factor in destroying the animal. Animals feeding on local vegetation decimates the already narrow scope of food for the rabbit. The practise of extracting materials from trees and destroying local vegetation destroys areas that the rabbits conventionally use to escape the heat, and also hide from animals which seek to eat or harm them. Finally, structures on rivers like dams isolate subpopulations from each other, discouraging faster population regeneration.[7]
Relatively speaking to other similar species, there is little information known about key aspects of the riverine rabbit, such as behaviour and diet, so one of the most meaningful conservation efforts underway is researching this species, seeking to find critical information about the species that will lead to more effective conservation measures.[7] The current plan to protect the remaining members of the population has been criticized, with experts claiming that a large part of the remaining land that can support the rabbit is outside the current area being preserved for it.[18] Other efforts include engaging and educating local farmers so that they act in a way which reduces harm to the species.[7] Also, efforts have been carried out to get landowners of the area of the habitat to agree to certain measures that help the rabbit population.[7] One of the most important and meaningful conservation efforts has been to engage in highly thorough monitoring of rabbit populations, a task made more difficult by the emergence of a new population in 2014.[21] This endeavour has been carried out largely by the Endangered Wildlife Trust.[21]
The IUCN recommends several further conservation measures, demonstrating that current actions are not adequate. They recommend capturing the animal as to safely allow it to reproduce without danger of predators or of not being able to find food. They also recommend different methods of managing the habitat and the population in the wild. Finally they recommend further efforts of informing the local populace as to how to protect the rabbit. The red list also notes that further research is needed into its ecology and into the conservation actions that would be most effective.[6]
A 2016 assessment noted that there were increased sightings of the species within its extent of occurrence, and that camera traps and further observations were needed to confirm the spread of subpopulations in regions south and eastward of the rabbit's native range.[22]
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