Riesz sequence

In mathematics, a sequence of vectors (x_n) in a Hilbert space ${\displaystyle (H,\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle )}$ is called a Riesz sequence if there exist constants ${\displaystyle 0<c\leq C<+\infty }$ such that

${\displaystyle c\left(\sum _{n}|a_{n}|^{2}\right)\leq \left\Vert \sum _{n}a_{n}x_{n}\right\Vert ^{2}\leq C\left(\sum _{n}|a_{n}|^{2}\right)}$

for all sequences of scalars (a_n) in the ℓ^p space ℓ². A Riesz sequence is called a Riesz basis if

${\displaystyle {\overline {\mathop {\rm {span}} (x_{n})}}=H}$.

Alternatively, one can define the Riesz basis as a family of the form ${\displaystyle \left\{x_{n}\right\}_{n=1}^{\infty }=\left\{Ue_{n}\right\}_{n=1}^{\infty }}$, where ${\displaystyle \left\{e_{n}\right\}_{n=1}^{\infty }}$ is an orthonormal basis for ${\displaystyle H}$ and ${\displaystyle U:H\rightarrow H}$ is a bounded bijective operator. Hence, Riesz bases need not be orthonormal, i.e., they are a generalization of orthonormal bases.^[1]

Paley-Wiener criterion

Not to be confused with Paley-Wiener theorem.

Let ${\displaystyle \{e_{n}\}}$ be an orthonormal basis for a Hilbert space ${\displaystyle H}$ and let ${\displaystyle \{x_{n}\}}$ be "close" to ${\displaystyle \{e_{n}\}}$ in the sense that

${\displaystyle \left\|\sum a_{i}(e_{i}-x_{i})\right\|\leq \lambda {\sqrt {\sum |a_{i}|^{2}}}}$

for some constant ${\displaystyle \lambda }$, ${\displaystyle 0\leq \lambda <1}$, and arbitrary scalars ${\displaystyle a_{1},\dotsc ,a_{n}}$ ${\displaystyle (n=1,2,3,\dotsc )}$ . Then ${\displaystyle \{x_{n}\}}$ is a Riesz basis for ${\displaystyle H}$.^[2][3]

Theorems

If H is a finite-dimensional space, then every basis of H is a Riesz basis.

Let ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ be in the L^p space L²(R), let

${\displaystyle \varphi _{n}(x)=\varphi (x-n)}$

and let ${\displaystyle {\hat {\varphi }}}$ denote the Fourier transform of ${\displaystyle {\varphi }}$. Define constants c and C with ${\displaystyle 0<c\leq C<+\infty }$. Then the following are equivalent:

${\displaystyle 1.\quad \forall (a_{n})\in \ell ^{2},\ \ c\left(\sum _{n}|a_{n}|^{2}\right)\leq \left\Vert \sum _{n}a_{n}\varphi _{n}\right\Vert ^{2}\leq C\left(\sum _{n}|a_{n}|^{2}\right)}$

${\displaystyle 2.\quad c\leq \sum _{n}\left|{\hat {\varphi }}(\omega +2\pi n)\right|^{2}\leq C}$

The first of the above conditions is the definition for (${\displaystyle {\varphi _{n}}}$) to form a Riesz basis for the space it spans.

See also

• Orthonormal basis
• Hilbert space
• Frame of a vector space

Notes

1. Antoine & Balazs 2012.
2. Young 2001, p. 35.
3. Paley & Wiener 1934, p. 100.

References

• Antoine, J.-P.; Balazs, P. (2012). "Frames, Semi-Frames, and Hilbert Scales". Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization. 33 (7–9). arXiv:1203.0506. doi:10.1080/01630563.2012.682128. ISSN 0163-0563.
• Christensen, Ole (2001), "Frames, Riesz bases, and Discrete Gabor/Wavelet expansions" (PDF), Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, New Series, 38 (3): 273–291, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00903-X
• Mallat, Stéphane (2008), A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing: The Sparse Way (PDF) (3rd ed.), pp. 46–47, ISBN 9780123743701
• Paley, Raymond E. A. C.; Wiener, Norbert (1934). Fourier Transforms in the Complex Domain. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 978-0-8218-1019-4.
• Young, Robert M. (2001). An Introduction to Non-Harmonic Fourier Series, Revised Edition, 93. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-772955-8.

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