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Right-wing political party in the United Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reform UK, colloquially known as Reform, is a right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom. Nigel Farage has served as the party's leader since June 2024 and Richard Tice has served as the party's deputy leader since July 2024. The party currently has five members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons and one member of the London Assembly. The party also holds representation at the local government level, with most of its local councillors having defected from the Conservative Party to Reform UK.[8] Following Farage's resumption of the leadership during the 2024 general election, there was a sharp increase in support for the party. In the election it was the third largest party by popular vote, with 14.3 per cent of the vote.[9]
Reform UK | |
|---|---|
| |
| Leader | Nigel Farage |
| Deputy Leader | Richard Tice |
| Chief Whip | Lee Anderson (Commons) |
| Chairman | Muhammad Ziauddin Yusuf |
| Treasurer | Nick Candy |
| Founders |
|
| Founded | 23 November 2018 as the Brexit Party |
| Split from | UK Independence Party |
| Headquarters | 124 City Road, London, EC1V 2NX[1] |
| Devolved branches | Reform UK Scotland Reform UK Wales |
| Membership (December 2024) |  105,000[2] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Right-wing[3] |
| Affiliates | Reform Derby[4] Bolton for Change[5] |
| Northern Irish affiliation | Reform UK–TUV alliance |
| Colours | Turquoise and white |
| Slogan | Family, Community, Country[6] |
| House of Commons | 5 / 650 |
| House of Lords | 0 / 805 |
| London Assembly | 1 / 25 |
| Scottish Parliament | 0 / 129 |
| Senedd | 0 / 60 |
| Directly elected mayors | 0 / 14 |
| Councillors[7] | 47 / 18,725 |
| Election symbol | |
 | |
| Website | |
| reformparty | |
Founded in November 2018 as the Brexit Party, advocating a no-deal Brexit, it won the most seats at the 2019 European Parliament election in the UK, but did not win any seats at the 2019 general election. The UK withdrew from the European Union (EU) in January 2020. A year later, in January 2021, the party was renamed Reform UK.[10] During the COVID-19 pandemic the party advocated against further lockdowns. Since 2022, it has campaigned on a broader platform, in particular pledging to reduce immigration to the UK, supporting low taxation, and opposing net zero emissions.[11][12][13]
Farage, who previously owned 60% of Reform UK Party Ltd prior to giving up his shares, had been the leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), a right-wing populist and Eurosceptic party, in the first half of the 2010s, and returned to frontline politics as leader of the Brexit Party during the Brexit process after the 2016 EU membership referendum, which had been called partly in response to UKIP's influence.[14][15] The party won 29 seats at the May 2019 European Parliament election, which was the best result for any single party in the 9th European Parliament. The Brexit Party campaigned for a no-deal Brexit and there were high-profile defections to it from the Conservative Party, including Ann Widdecombe and Annunziata Rees-Mogg.[16] Following Boris Johnson's election as leader of the Conservative Party, Farage offered him an electoral pact at the 2019 general election, which Johnson rejected. The Brexit Party decided unilaterally not to stand candidates against sitting Conservative MPs.
By May 2020, the British exit from the EU having taken place, the party focused on the reformation of British democracy and a name change from Brexit Party to Reform Party was proposed.[17][18][19] The COVID-19 pandemic began in the UK in 2020, and the Conservative government imposed a series of national lockdowns. Farage rebranded the party as Reform UK around the end of the year and focused on anti-lockdown campaigning.[20][21] Farage stepped down as leader in March 2021 and was succeeded by Richard Tice. In March 2024 Lee Anderson, who was elected in 2019 as a Conservative MP, defected to Reform UK, becoming the party's first MP.[22] On 3 June 2024, Tice announced that Farage would become leader once more, with Tice continuing as chairman.[23] The party won 5 seats in the 2024 general election – the first time that Reform UK had MPs elected to the House of Commons.
The incorporation of the Brexit Party in November 2018[24] was formally announced on 20 January 2019 by former UKIP economics spokesperson[25] Catherine Blaiklock, who served as the party's initial leader.[26] On 5 February 2019, it was registered with the United Kingdom Electoral Commission to run candidates in English, Scottish, Welsh and European Union elections.[27]
On the day of the announcement, Nigel Farage, who had been an independent MEP since his departure from UKIP in early December 2018, said that the party was Blaiklock's idea but that she had acted with his full support.[26] On 8 February 2019, Farage stated he would stand as a candidate for the party in any potential future European Parliament elections contested in the United Kingdom.[28][29] MEPs Steven Woolfe and Nathan Gill, also formerly of UKIP, stated that they would also stand for the party,[30][31] though Woolfe was subsequently not permitted to do so.[citation needed]
On 1 February 2019, Blaiklock told The Daily Telegraph the party had raised £1 million in donations and that over 200 people had come forward offering to stand for the Brexit Party at the May 2019 European Parliament election, if the United Kingdom had not left the European Union by then.[32]
Blaiklock resigned as party leader on 20 March 2019 over since-deleted anti-Islam messages on Twitter, including re-tweeting messages by far-right figures Mark Collett, Tommy Robinson and Joe Walsh, for which she apologised.[33] Farage said that he would take over as leader, that Blaiklock was "never intended to be the long-term leader"[34] and that the party "is at the moment a virtual party – it's a website".[35] On the party's launch on 12 April, asked about issues with Blaiklock, Farage said: "I set the party up, she was the administrator that got it set up. We had a couple of teething problems, yes, but are we going to be deeply intolerant of all forms of intolerance? Yes."[36] In April 2019, the party's treasurer Michael McGough was removed from his position after The Guardian uncovered antisemitic and homophobic social media comments he had posted in 2017.[37]
The party's lead aim was for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, and then for Britain to trade internationally on World Trade Organization terms.[38] In April 2019, Farage said that there was "no difference between the Brexit party and UKIP in terms of policy, [but] in terms of personnel, there's a vast difference", criticising UKIP's connections to the far right. He also said that the party aimed to attract support from "across the board", including former UKIP voters and Conservative and Labour voters who had supported Brexit.[36] Later in the month he said that the party would not publish a manifesto until after the European elections had taken place,[39] saying that the party would have a policy platform instead of a manifesto.[40]
In May 2019, Farage described his admiration for how fellow Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy members, Italy's Five Star Movement, had managed to grow from a protest group into the country's largest political party in both houses of the Italian Parliament. He saw the Brexit Party doing the same kind of thing and "running a company, not a political party, hence our model of registered supporters" and building a base using an online platform.[41]
On 22 November 2019, the Brexit Party set out its proposals for the 2019 UK general election. They covered a wide range of policy areas including taxation, reforming politics, immigration and the environment.[42][43] The party received two percent of the vote in the election, with none of its 273 candidates winning a seat.[44]
Before the general election on 8 December 2019, the party's leader Nigel Farage announced that, following Brexit, the party would change its name to the "Reform Party", and campaign for changes in the electoral system and structure of the House of Commons.[45]
In July 2020, Italexit, a Eurosceptic party inspired by the Brexit Party, was founded in Italy.[46] In November 2020, Farage and Tice announced that they had applied to the Electoral Commission to rename the Brexit Party to 'Reform UK'. They said that the party would campaign on a platform that was opposed to further COVID-19 lockdowns (due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic) and that it would seek to reform aspects of UK Governance, including the BBC and House of Lords.[20][21] The party also gave its support to the Great Barrington Declaration.[47] On 4 January 2021, the party's name change to Reform UK was approved by the Electoral Commission.[48]
In 2021, Reform UK gained representation in the Scottish Parliament when former Conservative and then independent MSP Michelle Ballantyne joined the party and was named Reform UK's leader in Holyrood.[49] She lost her and the party's only seat in Scotland in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election,[50][51] and resigned as the party's leader in Scotland in February 2022.[50][51]
Farage stepped down as leader in March 2021, being replaced by party chairman Richard Tice.[52] Former North West England MEP David Bull was appointed as deputy leader of the party on 11 March 2021.[53][54] On 26 March 2021, it was announced that former Brexit Party MEP Nathan Gill had become the Leader of Reform UK Wales.[55]
In 2021, Reform UK announced its intention to field a full slate of candidates in the Senedd, Scottish Parliament and London Assembly elections with leader Richard Tice standing for election in the latter.[56][57][58] However, the party did not nominate a candidate for London Mayor after making a pact with Reclaim Party leader and actor Laurence Fox. Fox finished sixth in the mayoral election with less than 2% of the votes.[59] The party failed to win any seats above local level in the 2021 elections in May, and lost their deposit in the Hartlepool by-election.[60]
In the Senedd election, the party fielded a full slate of candidates in every constituency and on the regional lists, but picked up just 1.6% of the constituency vote (7th place) and 1.1% of the regional list votes (8th place).[61] In the Scottish Parliament election, no constituency candidates were fielded and the party received only 5,793 list votes across the whole country.[62] In the London Assembly election, none of their constituency candidates were elected and the party finished tenth on the London-wide list with 25,009 votes.[63][64]
In October 2022, Reform UK and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) announced an electoral pact.[65][66] Richard Tice declared Reform's intention to stand in 630 constituencies across England, Scotland and Wales with "no ifs, no buts".[67] In December 2022, David White, a Conservative member of Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, and Richard Langridge, a Conservative member of West Oxfordshire District Council, both defected to Reform UK to stand as prospective parliamentary candidates for the party.[68][69]
The media gave renewed attention to Reform UK in December 2022 during the cost-of-living crisis after Farage announced that it would stand a full slate of candidates at the next general election.[70][71][72] Tice remained leader of the party. After some opinion polls indicated a modest increase in support for Reform UK, The Daily Telegraph described the party as a "threat on the Right" to the Conservative government of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.[73]
On the weekend of 7 and 8 October 2023, Reform UK held its party conference in London with 1,100 attendees.[74] On 20 October 2023, Richard Tice confirmed that Reform UK would stand in Conservative seats at the 2024 general election,[75] and by January 2024, the party was polling around 10% of the popular vote. It was suggested that Reform UK would play the role of spoiler party for the Conservatives, since it attracted former Tory voters. The Guardian speculated that votes for the party could lead to more than 30 additional seat losses for the Conservative Party.[76]
In Northern Ireland, in March 2024, the party formed an electoral pact with the Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV), in which the two parties would stand mutually agreed candidates there.[77]
In April 2024, it was reported that the Reform Party had expelled a number of prospective candidates for making embarrassing public statements. Richard Tice said that "every party has their share frankly of muppets and morons".[78][79] In March, Beau Dade, the prospective candidate in South Swindon, was dismissed by the party after it emerged that he had written an article saying, "The end game is to be in a position where it is possible to re-migrate hundreds of thousands – perhaps millions – of people back to their countries of origin... This is just one more unfortunate horror which the leftists and globalists and traitors have forced upon us."[80] A spokesman for Reform UK said that it had "acted quickly" in sacking Dade, and that the party did not want to be represented by someone with his views.[80]
Two parliamentary candidates were dropped in April 2024 for comments made on social media in 2019–21. Jonathan Kay, who was set to stand in South Ribble, had tweeted in 2019 that the average IQ of Africans was "among the lowest in the world".[81] Mick Greenhough, who was to stand in Orpington, tweeted in 2019 that, "Most Jews are reasonable people. Their problem is the Ashkenazi Jews who have caused the world massive misery."[82] Greenhough also claimed that the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby was "a Jew and closer to Cultural Marxism than Christianity."[82] A spokesman for Reform said that, while the party defended its "candidates' right to freedom of speech", they "act fast when we find that individuals' statements fall beneath our standards."[81]
Reform UK gave its support to parliamentary candidates in the 2024 UK general election that spread online conspiracy theories.[83] Conspiracy theories that have been promoted by its candidates include calling the climate crisis "make-believe", anti-vaccine conspiracies, denying the existence of Islamophobia, and the chemtrail conspiracy theory.[83]
In May 2024, Alex Wilson became Reform's first London Assembly member, elected via the Londonwide voting system.[84]
On 3 June 2024, Farage replaced Tice as leader of the party.[85] It gained five MPs in England in the July 2024 general election,[9] and its Northern Irish affiliate TUV gaining one seat in the form of Jim Allister.[86]
Following the election, on 11 July, businessman Zia Yusuf replaced businessman Richard Tice as chairman of the party, with Tice, now an MP, replacing Ben Habib as deputy leader.[87][88][89]
The party plans to stand in the 2026 Scottish Parliament election,[90] and expects to win significantly in the 2026 Senedd election in Wales, under the new more proportional system.[91]
In September 2024, Farage said that he will be surrendering all of his shares in Reform UK. This means members will have more control over the party, such as being able to vote on a constitution and motions and can remove Farage as leader if over 50% of members write to Reform UK chairmen Zia Yusuf.[92]
In October 2024, Farage called for Conservative Party councillors to join Reform UK and said "a huge number of them genuinely agree with us and what we stand for".[93]
In November 2024, it was reported that senior members of the party were divided about supporters of the far-right activist Tommy Robinson, with two of party's parliamentary candidates expressing sympathy for some of the supporters of Robinson who took part in August's anti-immigration protests, in the face of objections from Tice and Farage.[94][95] There was also division amongst party MPs on the assisted suicide bill, with Tice, Anderson and Lowe supporting the bill in its second reading, whilst Farage and McMurdock opposed it.[96]
On 28 November 2024, Nigel Farage announced that former Conservative MP and Minister Andrea Jenkyns had defected to Reform UK and would be the party's Mayoral candidate for Greater Lincolnshire Mayor in May 2025.[97]
On 3 December 2024, it was revealed that the founder of ConservativeHome, Tim Montgomerie – who had been a member of the Conservative Party for 33 years and was an advisor to Boris Johnson – had joined Reform UK.[98]
On 9 December 2024, it was reported that the husband of Suella Braverman, Rael Braverman, had become a member of Reform UK.[99]
On 10 December 2024, it was revealed that the billionaire luxury property developer and former Conservative Party donor Nick Candy had become a member of Reform UK and the party's treasurer.[100][101]
Lee Anderson, elected as the Conservative Party MP for Ashfield in the 2019 general election, defected to Reform UK in March 2024, giving the party its first MP.[102] He was re-elected in the 2024 general election and joined by Nigel Farage, Richard Tice, Rupert Lowe, and James McMurdock, representing Clacton, Boston and Skegness, Great Yarmouth, and South Basildon and East Thurrock respectively.[103][104]
In February 2019, nine MEPs, who had left UKIP in opposition to Gerard Batten's leadership, joined the party;[30] by mid-April 2019, the number had increased to 14, all being members of the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group in the European Parliament.[105]
| Name | Constituency | First elected | Joined |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diane James | South East England | 1 July 2014 | 5 February 2019 |
| David Coburn | Scotland | 1 July 2014 | 12 February 2019 |
| Nigel Farage | South East England | 10 June 1999 | 12 February 2019 |
| Nathan Gill | Wales | 1 July 2014 | 12 February 2019 |
| Julia Reid | South West England | 1 July 2014 | 12 February 2019 |
| Tim Aker | East of England | 1 July 2014 | 13 February 2019 |
| Jonathan Bullock | East Midlands | 28 July 2017 | 13 February 2019 |
| Bill Etheridge | West Midlands | 1 July 2014 | 13 February 2019 |
| Paul Nuttall | North West England | 14 July 2009 | 15 February 2019 |
| Jill Seymour | West Midlands | 1 July 2014 | 15 April 2019 |
| Jane Collins | Yorkshire and the Humber | 1 July 2014 | 15 April 2019 |
| Margot Parker | East Midlands | 1 July 2014 | 15 April 2019 |
| Jonathan Arnott | North East England | 1 July 2014 | 17 April 2019 |
| Ray Finch | South East England | 1 July 2014 | 17 April 2019 |
Only three of these incumbent MEPs − Farage, Gill and Bullock − were selected to stand for the Brexit Party in the 2019 election,[106] which took place on 23 May 2019. 29 Brexit Party MEPs were elected to the European Parliament, including Richard Tice and former Conservative MP Ann Widdecombe, while Nigel Farage, Nathan Gill and Jonathan Bullock kept their seats.[107] BBC News described the Brexit Party, which gained 31.6% of the vote in the UK, as "the clear winner in the UK's European elections."[108]
The Brexit Party MEPs were not members of a group in the Parliament. MEP Andrew England Kerr was expelled from the party on 29 September 2019 over a potential conflict of interest. Farage explained that England Kerr made "comments about a business and a product that he has a direct financial investment in and we think that is unacceptable."[109] MEP Louis Stedman-Bryce resigned on 19 November 2019 in response to "The Brexit Party’s recent decision to select a Scottish candidate who has openly posted homophobic views".[110]
Reform UK's Alex Wilson stood as a London-wide candidate for the 2024 London Assembly election, earning Reform UK one seat in the London-wide assembly.[84]
On 15 May 2019, four Members originally elected or co-opted for UKIP (Caroline Jones, Mandy Jones, David Rowlands and Mark Reckless) joined the Brexit Party,[111] with Reckless being appointed as leader of their group,[112] which was known as Plaid Brexit in Welsh.[113] In May 2020, Reckless said that Nigel Farage is "consulted over key decisions... but he doesn't micro-manage us here," and that in the 2021 Senedd election it would campaign to scrap the current system of devolution and replace it with a directly elected first minister accountable to Welsh MPs.[114] This policy announcement triggered the departure from the party's group in the Senedd of both Jones's and David Rowlands. They formed a new members group, the Independent Alliance for Reform, which sought to reform rather than abolish the Senedd.[115][116] The remaining Brexit Party Senedd group member, Mark Reckless, left to join the Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party.[117]
The Brexit Party contested the 2021 Senedd election on a platform of ending lockdowns, investing in the NHS, giving parents greater control over education, building the M4 relief road, and cutting local government,[118] but did not win any seats.[119]
On 11 January 2021, independent MSP Michelle Ballantyne joined Reform UK. She first sat as a Conservative but left the party in 2020 over opposition to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions,[120] continuing to sit as an independent until January 2021 when she joined the party in Scotland and was appointed leader there.[121] Ballantyne continued to sit with the party until the 2021 Scottish Parliament election in May, when she lost her seat to a candidate from the Scottish Conservatives. She resigned as the party's leader in Scotland in February 2022.[50][51]
As of March 2024, two thirds of Reform UK's local councillors were elected for the Conservative Party who defected over to Reform UK.[8] In October 2024, Farage called on Conservative Party councillors to join Reform UK, saying that he was contacting over a thousand of them and that "a huge number of them genuinely agree with us and what we stand for".[122]
Reform won a by-election in the Marton ward of Blackpool Council on 3 October 2024, with its vote share rising from 9.5% secured at the last election in 2023 to 38.8% [123]
In October 2024 two Scottish Conservative Party councillors serving on Aberdeenshire Council defected to the party and became Reform UK's first local representatives in Scotland.[124][125]
The table below indicates where Reform UK have representation on a local level.
| Council [126] | Region | Councillors |
|---|---|---|
| Aberdeenshire | Scotland | 2 / 70 |
| Arun | South East | 2 / 54 |
| Ashfield | East Midlands | 1 / 35 |
| Barnet | London | 1 / 63 |
| Barnsley | Yorkshire and the Humber | 1 / 63 |
| Blackpool | North West | 1 / 42 |
| Boslover | East Midlands | 1 / 37 |
| Dartford | South East | 1 / 42 |
| Derbyshire | East Midlands | 2 / 64 |
| Durham | North East | 1 / 126 |
| East Riding of Yorkshire | Yorkshire and the Humber | 2 / 67 |
| Epping Forest | East | 1 / 54 |
| Essex | East | 1 / 75 |
| Folkestone and Hythe | South East | 1 / 30 |
| Havant | South East | 2 / 36 |
| Kent | South East | 1 / 81 |
| Mansfield | East Midlands | 3 / 36 |
| Merseyside | North West England | 1 / 99 |
| North Ayrshire | Scotland | 2 / 33 |
| North East Lincolnshire | Yorkshire and the Humber | 1 / 42 |
| North Northamptonshire | East Midlands | 2 / 78 |
| North Yorkshire Council | Yorkshire and the Humber | 1 / 90 |
| Southend-on-Sea | East | 2 / 51 |
| Suffolk | East | 1 / 75 |
| Tendring | East | 4 / 48 |
| Thurrock | East | 1 / 49 |
| Torfaen | Wales | 3 / 40 |
| West Sussex | South East | 2 / 70 |
| Wolverhampton | West Midlands | 1 / 60 |
| Worcestershire | West Midlands | 1 / 57 |
| Wyre | North West | 2 / 50 |
| Total | 47 / 18,725 | |
Reform UK is a right-wing political party.[131] The British politics professor Matthew Goodwin described the party as national populists,[132] while Goodwin and others described the Brexit Party as neoliberal,[133] populist,[134] right-wing populist,[135][136][137][138] right-wing nationalist,[139] and radical right.[140][141][142] Farage said in May 2024 that Reform UK is becoming a "brand new Conservative movement".[143]
In January 2024, the French newspaper Le Monde described Reform UK as a far-right party.[144] In March 2024, the BBC also called the party far-right but soon retracted its statement and apologised to Reform UK, writing that describing the party as far-right "fell short of our usual editorial standards".[145] Commenting on the incident, political scientist Tim Bale wrote that labelling Reform UK as far-right is unhelpful, and that it "causes too visceral a reaction and at the same time is too broad to be meaningful". Bale noted the importance of distinguishing between the "extreme right" and "populist radical right".[146] Reform UK itself rejects the descriptor, and has threatened legal action against media using it.[147]
The party's constitution was published by the Electoral Commission as a result of a freedom of information request in May 2019.[148] It described the party as seeking to "promote and encourage those who aspire to improve their personal situation and those who seek to be self-reliant, whilst providing protection for those genuinely in need; favour the ability of individuals to make decisions in respect of themselves; seek to diminish the role of the State; lower the burden of taxation on individuals and businesses."[149]
SDP politician Patrick O'Flynn, who was elected as a UKIP MEP under Farage's leadership and supported the Brexit Party in the 2019 European elections, commented on the constitution's description of the party as following classical liberalism and described them as having a Thatcherite ideological core.[150] James Glancy, one of the party's MEPs, has compared the party to the Referendum Party, being a "united and diverse group of people from different political backgrounds".[151]
The party's first non-Brexit-related policy was announced on 4 June 2019: a proposition to transform British Steel into a partly worker-owned company, in what was described as "a hybrid of Conservative and Labour policy".[152] The party also supported cutting Britain's foreign aid budget, scrapping the proposed HS2 project and introducing free WiFi on all British public transport.[153][154] The party also said it would scrap all interest paid on student tuition fees, reimburse graduates for historic interest payments made on their loans,[155] and pledged to abolish inheritance tax.[156]
In July 2019, the Brexit Party signed a cross-party declaration alongside the Liberal Democrats, Green Party of England and Wales, and the Scottish National Party, calling for first-past-the-post voting to be replaced by a proportional system for Westminster elections.[157]
On 22 November 2019, the Brexit Party set out its policy proposals for the 2019 UK general election. Its key policies for the election included:[42][43]
Following the UK's departure from the European Union on 31 January 2020 Farage sought a new right-wing populist project for the party under its new name of Reform UK, opposing further COVID-19 restrictions, paralleling right-wing populist anti-lockdown sentiments in other countries.[158]
In October 2021, at the party conference, leader Richard Tice criticised the Conservative Party as a party of "high tax". He said that his party would stand on a low-tax and low-regulation platform. The party supports raising the threshold at which people start paying income tax from £12,500 to £20,000, and exempting the smallest businesses from corporation tax. He also criticised the Conservative Party's plans to decarbonise the economy, saying that the UK should instead focus on exploiting reserves of shale gas. Tice has also said that net zero is an "absurdity" and "the greatest act of financial self-harm ever imposed on a country" that will "achieve nothing".[75] He has said that energy companies should be owned by the government or British pension funds to stop profits going abroad.[159]
On 17 June 2024, Reform UK launched their manifesto - which they described as a contract - with Farage presenting it during an interview. The policy proposals include:
Reform UK says that the total cost of its manifesto would be £140 billion but say that they would raise £150 billion. According to Reform UK, this money would be raised from the scrapping of net zero subsidies, the ending of payments of interest on quantitative easing reserves to banks, the halving of foreign aid, cuts to working age benefits and other public spending reductions.[176][164] The party says that it would "cut bureaucracy […] without touching frontline services,"[166] while the Institute for Fiscal Studies says that the savings required "would almost certainly require substantial cuts to the quantity or quality of public services."[176]
Analysis has found that Reform UK's tax plans disproportionately benefit high earners.[160] Reform UK wants to raise the higher rate threshold of tax from £50,271 to £70,000, which would result in a tax cut of close to £6,000 for the top 10% of earners and far outweigh any benefit to the lowest earners.[160]
In its early days, The Brexit Party officially had three members, who were Farage, Tracey Knowles and Mehrtash A’Zami. The party opted for signing up registered supporters rather than members. The party structure was criticised for not providing the party's over 115,000 paying registered supporters[177] with any voting power to influence party policy;[178] Farage retained a high level of control over decision-making, including hand-picking candidates himself.[178][179] Since 2021, the party has options to become a member, rather than a supporter.[180]
The Reform Party is a limited company (the Reform UK Party Limited)[181] with fifteen shares. Farage owned 53% of the shares in the company, giving him a controlling majority. The other shareholders were Tice, who holds about a third, and Chief Executive Paul Oakden and Party Treasurer Mehrtash A'Zami who each held less than seven percent.[182] In August 2024 Paul Oakden was removed and Farage took over his shares, giving him 60% ownership.[183]
Farage has said the party would largely be funded by small donations and that they raised "£750,000 in donations online, all in small sums of less than £500" in their first ten days. The party also accepts large donations.[184] He further said that the party would not be taking money from the key former UKIP funder Arron Banks.[36][185] Farage personally faced questions during the 2019 electoral campaign after Channel 4 News revealed undeclared travel and accommodation benefits provided by Banks before Farage joined the Brexit Party, and on 21 May 2019 the European Parliament formally opened an investigation.[186] In response to the reporting, the Brexit Party banned Channel 4 News from its events.[187]
In 2019, £6.4m was donated to the party by Christopher Harborne,[188] and £200,000 by Jeremy Hosking, a former donor to the Conservative Party.[184] 2023 donations included £200,000 from Terence Mordaunt's company First Corporate Consultants Ltd.[189]
Two days before the 2019 European election, Farage accused the Electoral Commission of "interfering in the electoral process" after the independent watchdog visited the Brexit Party headquarters for "active oversight and regulation" of party funding.[190] Official donations of £500 or more must be given by a "permissible donor", who should either be somebody listed on the British electoral roll or a business registered at Companies House and operating in Britain. When asked if the party took donations in foreign currency, Farage replied: "Absolutely not, we only take sterling – end of conversation." Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell called for "a full and open and transparent, independent inquiry into the funding of Mr Farage".[191] The Electoral Commission reported in July 2019 that following its visit it made recommendations to the party for more robust internal controls on permissible donations, as those in place had not been adequate, and that the party had returned a donation of £1,000 whose source could not be identified as acceptable.[192]
In May 2024, The Guardian said that 80% of the party's funding, in loans and donations, came from Tice. It reported Tice as saying that the Conservatives spend £35 million annually, while Reform spends less than £1.5 million.[193]
During the week following the 3 June 2024 announcement of Farage's resumption of party leadership, ITV News reported that party membership increased by 50% to 45,000.[194]
On 4 June 2024, it was reported that Reform UK had accepted "more than £2.3 million from oil and gas interests, highly polluting industries, and climate science deniers since December 2019".[195]
Reform UK has had three leaders. Catherine Blaiklock was its first leader, in early 2019.[196] Nigel Farage was leader from March 2019 until March 2021, when he resigned and Richard Tice took on the role.[197] On 3 June 2024 it was announced that Tice had invited Farage to return as leader, an offer Farage accepted.
| No. | Leader (Birth) |
Portrait | Took office | Left office | Tenure length | Deputy Leader(s) | Chair |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Catherine Blaiklock (born 1963) |
 |
20 January 2019 | 20 March 2019 | 60 days | Vacant | Richard Tice (2019–2024) Zia Yusuf (2024–present) |
| 2 | Nigel Farage (born 1964) |
|
22 March 2019[198] | 6 March 2021 | 1 year and 350 days | ||
| 3 | Richard Tice (born 1964) |
|
6 March 2021 | 3 June 2024 | 3 years and 90 days | David Bull (2021–2023) Ben Habib (2023–2024) | |
| (2) | Nigel Farage (born 1964) |
|
3 June 2024[198] | Incumbent | 197 days | Richard Tice |
As well as the leader and chairman, other leadership roles were assigned to Brian Monteith as Chief Whip in the European Parliament (before Brexit)[199] and David Bull as health spokesperson during the 2019 election.[200]
On 20 March 2023, Richard Tice, then leader, held a press conference to announce Reform UK's first frontbench team.[201] The roles were as follows:
| Portfolio | Spokesperson | Term | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leader | Nigel Farage | 3 June 2024[23] – present | MP for Clacton |
| Energy and Foreign Policy | Richard Tice | 20 March 2023 – present | Also Deputy Leader and MP for Boston and Skegness |
| Health | David Bull | 20 March 2023 – 12 July 2024 | |
| Brexit and the Union | Ben Habib | 20 March 2023 – 12 July 2024 | |
| Immigration and Justice | Ann Widdecombe | 20 March 2023 – present | |
| Business and Agriculture | Rupert Lowe | 20 March 2023 – present | MP for Great Yarmouth |
| Chief Whip in the House of Commons | Lee Anderson[202][better source needed] | 9 July 2024 – present | MP for Ashfield |
| Defence and National Security | Frederick Chedham | 20 March 2023 – 18 June 2024[203] | |
| Education and the Family | Belinda de Lucy | 20 March 2023 – 12 July 2024 | |
| Culture | Alex Phillips | 20 March 2023 – 12 July 2024 | |
| Fisheries | June Mummery | 20 March 2023 – 12 July 2024 | |
In January 2021, former Conservative and then independent MSP Michelle Ballantyne joined the party and assumed the role of Leader of Reform UK Scotland.[204] She resigned this role in February 2022, and was replaced by Martyn Greene.
The Brexit Party stood candidates in Great Britain at the 2019 European Parliament election, including the former Conservative Party Minister of State, Ann Widdecombe,[205] the journalist, Annunziata Rees-Mogg (a former Conservative general election candidate and the sister of the Conservative MP and Brexit advocate, Jacob Rees-Mogg), the Leave Means Leave co-founder, Richard Tice,[185] the writers, Claire Fox and James Heartfield (both once part of the Revolutionary Communist Party and later writers for Spiked),[206][207] Stuart Waiton (a fellow Spiked contributor)[208][209] James Glancy, a former member of the Royal Marines and the Special Boat Service who was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross,[210] Martin Daubney, a journalist and commentator,[211] David Bull, author and television presenter,[212][non-primary source needed] Brian Monteith, a former Conservative Party MSP, Rupert Lowe, a businessman[213] and retired Rear Admiral Roger Lane-Nott.[214] John Longworth, the former director-general of the British Chambers of Commerce, announced he would be standing as a candidate for the party on 15 April 2019.[215] The party was not registered in Northern Ireland and did not field candidates there.[216]
A survey of 781 Conservative Party councillors found that 40% planned to vote for the Brexit Party.[217] On 17 April 2019, the former Labour and Respect Party MP George Galloway announced his support for the Brexit Party "for one-time only" in the 2019 European Parliament election.[218] On 24 April, the political columnist Tim Montgomerie announced that he would vote for the party and endorsed Widdecombe's candidature,[219] and the Conservative MP Lucy Allan described the candidates of the party as "fantastic".[220] On 2 May, one of the party's candidates for the North West constituency, Sally Bate, resigned from the party in response to previous comments made by Claire Fox, the lead candidate in the constituency, on the Warrington bomb attacks.[221]
In May 2019, several polls forecast the party polling first for the European elections,[222] though earlier polls had suggested it would come third to Labour and the Conservatives.[223] The party held 14 seats, acquired through defections, going into the elections, and saw an increase of 15. It won five more seats than UKIP, had at the previous election, under Farage's leadership.
The party won 29 seats in the election, becoming the biggest single party in the 9th European Parliament. The CDU/CSU Union also won 29 seats in Germany, but it was an alliance and not a party. Three of the 29 resigned the whip in December 2019 to support the Conservative Party at the 2019 general election, while a fourth, John Longworth, was expelled for "repeatedly undermining" the party's election strategy.[224]
| Year | Leader | Share of votes | Seats | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Nigel Farage | 30.52% | 29 / 73 |
1st |
The 29 MEPs elected were as follows:
On April 19, Farage said that the party intended to stand candidates at the 2019 general election,[225] but would not to stand candidates against the 28 Eurosceptic Conservative MPs who opposed the Brexit withdrawal agreement.[226] In the Peterborough by-election in June, the Brexit Party came second with 28% of the vote, 7% ahead of the Conservatives and 2% behind Labour.
Following Boris Johnson's election as Prime Minister, Farage unveiled the names of 635 general election candidates for the Brexit Party, including himself.[227] On 8 September 2019, Farage wrote an article in the Sunday Telegraph and the party took out advertisements in Sunday newspapers offering an electoral pact with the Conservative Party in the forthcoming general election, in which the Brexit Party would not be opposed by the Conservatives in traditional Labour Party seats in the north of England, the Midlands and Wales, and the Brexit Party would not contest seats in which they could split the Leave vote. Farage wrote that Boris Johnson should ask himself "does he want to sign a non-aggression pact with me and return to Downing Street?"[228]
Farage's proposition was rejected by Johnson.[229] On the 11 November, Farage said that his party would not stand in any of the 317 seats won by the Conservatives at the last election. Conservative Party chairman James Cleverly welcomed this, although he stated that the parties had not been in contact.[230] Newsnight reported that conversations between members of the Brexit Party and the pro-Brexit Conservative group, the European Research Group (ERG) had led to this decision.[231]
The Brexit Party is reported to have requested that Boris Johnson publicly state he would not extend the Brexit transition period beyond the planned date of 31 December 2020 and that he wished for a Canada-style free-trade agreement with the EU. Johnson did make a statement covering these two issues, something which Farage referenced as key when announcing he was standing down some candidates, but both the Brexit Party and the Conservatives denied that any deal was done between them.[231][232][233] The decision to not run in those seats met with criticism by some Brexit Party supporters and candidates, and some candidates who had been selected to vie for Conservative seats opted to run as independent candidates on a Pro-Brexit platform.[234]
The party failed to win any seats in the general election.[44] Its best second places were in Barnsley Central, where Victoria Felton won 30.4% of the vote,[235] and Barnsley East, where Jim Ferguson won 29.2%.[236] High third places were in Hartlepool, where Richard Tice won 25.8% of the vote,[237] and Hull West and Hessle, where Michelle Dewberry won 18%.[237]
| Election | Leader | Votes | Seats | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Share | Seats won | ± | |||
| 2019 | Nigel Farage | 644,257 | 2.01 | 0 / 650 |
0% | TBD |
On 22 May 2024, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced the date of the general election as 4 July. The next day, leader Richard Tice launched the Reform UK campaign, promising to field candidates in 630 seats including himself in Boston and Skegness.[238] He said that the party wanted to make this the “immigration election”.[239] Nigel Farage initially ruled out standing, saying that it was "not the right time" but promised to "do my bit to help".[240][non-primary source needed]
In the first week of the campaign, Reform UK's average predicted vote in opinion polls rose from 11% to 13%, although many commentators predicted their vote share would be squeezed[241] and the Conservatives announced policies targeted at Reform voters, such as national service.[242]
On 3 June, Farage became the leader of Reform UK. Following this, opinion pollsters reported an increase in support for the party, in two cases polling within 2% of the Conservative Party.[243] BBC political analyst Peter Barnes commented on 9 June that the change in leadership "has clearly had a positive impact on the party's performance in the polls," and that this "has come at the expense of the Conservatives."[244] A poll of 1,000 viewers conducted after the BBC's seven-party debate held on 7 June found Farage to be the winner with 25% support, his closest rival being Labour Party deputy leader Angela Rayner, on 19%. The debate majored on D-Day, war veterans, immigration and the NHS.[245]
Farage said that his aim was to make Reform the Official Opposition party in Parliament.[246] Reform would be standing in 609 out of 650 constituencies (all in Great Britain).[247] As part of an electoral pact with the Social Democratic Party, the two parties stood aside from each other in six constituencies and over a dozen candidates stood under a joint Reform-SDP banner.[248]
On 10 June, the Reform UK candidate for Bexhill and Battle, Ian Gribbin, was reported as having said in 2022 that: "Britain would be in a far better state today had we taken Hitler up on his offer of neutrality." Following these reports, Gribbin stated that he apologised without reservation for the comment and any upset caused.[249] A party spokesman defended Gribbin by saying that "his historical perspective of what the UK could have done in the 30s was shared by the vast majority of the British establishment including the BBC of its day, and is probably true," that the comments made by Gribbin were not endorsements of the stances and that the party would continue to support him.[250][251] The Times reported on 13 June that 41 of the Reform UK candidates for the 2024 general election were Facebook friends with the British neo-fascist Gary Raikes.[252]
After a number of revelations about the party's prospective parliamentary candidates,[253] Farage said on 18 June that the party had hired a vetting company, but had been "stitched up" by them. The company, vetting.com, responded that there had not been sufficient time to complete their work, the election having been called earlier than expected.[253]
In the campaign, the party used the slogan "Britain Needs Reform".[254] Its party election video, broadcast nationally on 13 June, showed silently and continuously for 4 minutes and 40 seconds the six words "Britain is Broken. Britain Needs Reform."[255]
On 13 June, YouGov polling put Reform at 19% and the Conservatives 18%. Farage declared "We are now the opposition to Labour."[256]
On 15 June, the BBC's Laura Kuenssberg said that "the most optimistic Reform politicians can't name more than five or six seats where they reckon they could win."[257] On the same day, opinion pollsters Survation published the results of a survey of 42,269 voters employing multilevel regression with poststratification (MRP) which predicted that Reform would win seven seats and YouGov's MRP survey predicted five seat wins.[258]
On 20 June, the BBC reported that while Farage has been criticised by some Muslim organisations for saying that a growing number of young Muslims do not subscribe to British values, Muslim entrepreneur Zia Yusuf had just given the party a donation amounting to hundreds of thousands of pounds and said that the country has lost control of its borders. He said that it was his "patriotic duty" to fund Farage and Reform UK.[259]
Farage was criticised during the campaign for suggesting that the West had provoked Russia's invasion of Ukraine by expanding the European Union and NATO military alliance eastwards. Farage also said that "of course" the war was the fault of Vladimir Putin.[260]
On 27 June, Channel 4 News revealed alleged homophobic, racist and Islamophobic comments made by some party campaigners in Clacton,[261][262] including an individual calling Rishi Sunak a "Paki" (a racist slur against those of South Asian heritage in the UK),[263] and suggesting the army should shoot at small boats bringing illegal migrants to the UK,[262] and another campaigner calling the LGBT flag "degenerate". Sunak responded that hearing the racist slur against him "hurts and it makes me angry".[264][265][266] Farage described the anti-gay comments as "vulgar, drunk and wrong"[267] and condemned the other individual's racist comments, before suggesting that the programme was a "set up" by Channel 4, as the individual who made the racist slur against Sunak, Andrew Parker, was an actor and that it alluded to foul play.[264] The party later said it had made a complaint against Channel 4 for "electoral interference" over the broadcast,[268] although reports on 28 June suggested the Electoral Commission had not received such a complaint from Reform.[269] Channel 4 commented: "We met Mr Parker for the first time at Reform UK party headquarters, where he was a Reform party canvasser. We did not pay the Reform UK canvasser or anyone else in this report. Mr Parker was not known to Channel 4 News and was filmed covertly via the undercover operation."[270] Following the report, Reform UK dropped its support for three election candidates because of past racist comments,[269] and on 30 June, one candidate defected to the Conservatives over a perceived lack of leadership from Reform on the issue.[271][272]
At the election, the party won 5 seats (Ashfield, Clacton, Boston and Skegness, Great Yarmouth, and South Basildon and East Thurrock) and came second in a further 98.[273] Reform UK's presence split the right-wing vote, allowing Labour to win seats on small margins including Poole, South Dorset and Rother Valley.
| Election | Leader | Votes | Seats | Outcome | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Share | Seats won | ± | |||
| 2024 | Nigel Farage | 4,117,221 | 14.3% | 5 / 650 |
5 |
Opposition |
The party first stood at local government level in two by-elections in Gloucester on 25 July 2019.[274] They did not win either.[275]
A councillor elected to Rochdale defected to the party in July 2019 from Labour, making for the first councillor;[276][277] shortly after a Liberal Democrat councillor there also defected.[278] All 12 of Rotherham's then UKIP councillors defected to the Brexit Party in July 2019, as did all 5 of Derby's UKIP councillors.[279][280] On 13 September 2019, ten independent councillors on Hartlepool Borough Council defected to the Brexit Party. They then formed a pact with the three Conservatives to hold 13 of the 33 seats.[281] In September 2019, a Conservative councillor for Surrey (county) and Elmbridge (borough) defected to the party, after his party decided he would not be reselected.[282]
The 13 councillors of the Hartlepool council group left the party in 2020.[283] The Rotherham group left to form the Rotherham Democratic Party.[284][285] The party won two seats in the 2021 United Kingdom local elections, both in Derby, one a hold from a previous defection and the other a gain. These were the first council seats won at election by the party, as all their previous ones had been via defections.[286][287] This left them with eight councillors in total; six in Derby and two more from defections, one in Redbridge from the Conservatives, and one in Swale from UKIP, both in April 2021.[288][289] Councillors in the Derby City group are members of an affiliate party named "Reform Derby", in alignment with Reform UK.[290][291]
In December 2021, days before the North Shropshire by-election, local councillor and Deputy Mayor of Market Drayton Town Council, Mark Whittle, defected to the party from the Conservatives.[292] It was reported that all of Reform UK's candidates in the 2022 United Kingdom local elections "will campaign on the benefits of fracking and restarting exploration in the North Sea".[293] Three of the eight council seats held by the party were up for re-election in 2022, all of which had arisen from defections. Both Derby seats were held, but a seat in Redbridge was lost. No new seats were gained.[294]
In December 2022, two former Conservative councillors – one in Barnsley and the other in West Oxfordshire – defected to the party.[295] Another Conservative councillor, Barry Gwilt, of the Fazeley on Lichfield District Council, defected to Reform UK in January 2023.[296] In the 2023 United Kingdom local elections, Reform UK won six seats out of the 8,519 up for election[297] and averaged 6% of the vote in the wards where it stood.[298] The six seats won were all in the City of Derby, whose new council proceeded to elect Reform Derby leader Alan Graves to the position of Mayor for 2023/24.[299]
In March 2024, East Riding of Yorkshire councillor Maria Bowtell defected from the Conservatives and joined the party.[300] In the 2024 English local elections, Reform UK took approximately 11% of the vote where it stood candidates,[301] and won two seats on Havant Borough Council[302] and one on the London Assembly.[84] Richard Tice claimed that his party was becoming the real opposition to Labour.[303] On 18 June, four Conservatives from the Tendring District Council defected to Reform with Jeff Bray becoming leader of the council group.[304]
Following the 2024 general election, Reform UK has won a number of Council by-elections. On 3 October, it won a by-election in Blackpool Council for the seat vacated by Sarah Smith who was elected MP for Hyndburn.[305] On 31 October, it won in Bilston North in Wolverhampton with 34.8% of the vote.[306]
On 7 November it won in Wyre with 38.6% of the vote.[307] On 21 November it won two by-elections on the same day, in Dartford and in Kent.[308] On 12 December, it won in St Helens with 41.1% of the vote.[309]
| Year | Regional vote | Constituency vote | Overall seats | Change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 11,730 votes | 1.1% | 0 / 20 |
17,405 votes | 1.6% | 0 / 40 |
0 / 60 |
New Party |
| Year | Regional vote | Constituency vote | Overall seats | Change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 5,793 votes | 0.2% | 0 / 56 |
– | – | 0 / 73 |
0 / 129 |
New Party |
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