Raphael I of Constantinople

Raphael I of Constantinople (Greek: Ραφαήλ, Rafail; Serbian: Рафаило I / Rafailo I; died 1476) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1475 to 1476.^[1][2]

Raphael I of Constantinople
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
Church	Church of Constantinople
In office	early 1475 – early 1476
Predecessor	Symeon I
Successor	Maximus III
Personal details
Born	unknown
Died	1476

Life

Raphael was a Serbian monk.^[3] He probably was chosen and supported as Patriarch by Mara Brankovic,^[3] the stepmother of Mehmed the Conqueror.^[3] Raphael was successfully appointed Patriarch in the first months of 1475,^[1] promising the Sultan a yearly payment of 2000 gold florins and a one-time gift of 700 gold florins.^[4]

The Greek community of Constantinople had not part in his appointment and fiercely opposed him. The Metropolitan of Heraclea, who traditionally enthroned the new patriarch, refused to consecrate him, and the liturgy was celebrated by the Metropolitan of Ancyra.^[5] For this reason he was not recognized as Patriarch by a large part of the Greek clergy.

In September 1475, he appointed Spyridon of Tver as new Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'.^[6]

The sources show an extended bias against Raphael.^[3] He is accused of not speaking properly Greek and is denounced for his foreign accent and for his addiction to alcohol.^[3] It is reported that he was not able to stand during the ceremonies of the Great Friday because he was drunk.^[3]

Raphael reigned for about one year, until early 1476: at the beginning of the year, when he had to pay the annual gift he had promised to the Sultan, he tried to collect it from his faithful, who denied their help.^[4] Unable to pay the requested fee, he was immediately deposed and imprisoned. He died shortly after still in chains.

References

1. Kiminas 2009, p. 37.
2. Јањић & Ђокић 2015, p. 87-109.
3. Philippides & Hanak 2011, p. 84-85.
4. Laurent 1968, p. 260.
5. Runciman 1985, p. 194.
6. Romanchuk 2003, p. 296.

Sources

• Јањић, Драгана Ј.; Ђокић, Небојша Д. (2015). "Рафаило I једини Србин васељенски патријарх". Баштина. 39: 87–109.
• Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC.
• Laurent, Vitalien (1968). "Les premiers patriarches de Constantinople sous la domination turque (1454–1476): Succession et chronologie d'après un catalogue inédit". Revue des études byzantines. 26: 229–263. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1968.1407.
• Philippides, Marios; Hanak, Walter K. (2011). The Siege and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453: Historiography, Topography and Military Studies. Ashgate Publishing.
• Romanchuk, Robert (2003). "Once again on the Greek workbook of Timofei Veniaminov, fifteenth-century Novgorod monk". Monastic traditions: Selected proceedings of the Fourth International Hilandar Conference. Bloomington: Slavica. pp. 263–304.
• Runciman, Steven (1985) [1968]. The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.