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Qilu culture, also known as Haidai culture, is a regional culture formed and developed centered in Shandong Province, China. The Qilu Cultural District is centered on the Taiyi Mountains, and its scope roughly includes the area east of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in today's Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, and the Liaodong Peninsula. It is consistent with the Jiaoliao Mandarin District and the Hebei and Lu Mandarin Districts in Shandong Province. To the west, it is bounded by the Grand Canal and the Central Plains Culture, and to the south, it is adjacent to the Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District. Qilu culture can be subdivided into "Western Lu culture" and "Jiaodong culture".[1]
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Qilu culture has an inseparable relationship with Guan Zhong and Confucius. The origin of Qilu culture was influenced by them, which laid the foundation for the subsequent vigorous development of Qilu culture.
Qi culture
Guan Zhong was a statesman and philosopher of the Qi State and a representative figure of Legalism in the Spring and Autumn period. His main thoughts were recorded in the book "Guanzi" by later generations.[2]
Lu culture
Confucius was an educator and philosopher from the State of Lu, and the founder of Yi Xu[3] e and Confucianism. His thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trust had a profound influence.
The Qilu Cultural District is centered on the Taiyi Mountains,[4] and its scope roughly includes the area east of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in today's Shandong Province, northern Jiangsu Province, and the Liaodong Peninsula. It is consistent with the Jiaoliao Mandarin District and the Hebei and Hebei and Shandong Mandarin Districts in Shandong Province. To the west it is bounded by the Grand Canal and the Central Plains Culture, to the south it is adjacent to the Jianghuai Culture in the Jianghuai Mandarin District, to the north across the Bohai Strait, and in the Liaodong Peninsula, it is adjacent to the Northeastern Culture in the Northeast Mandarin District.
The Shandong culture in the prehistoric period is called Dongyi culture and is one of the oldest civilizations in China.[5] The characters of the Dongyi people may be one of the important sources of oracle bone inscriptions in the Shang dynasty,[6] among which the characters "Dan, Jin, Huang, Feng, Jiu, Pai" and other characters are still used today. According to Chinese classics, the Dongyi people invented the bow and arrow and had high pottery-making technology. They were also the first tribe in China to use copper and iron. Research on Longshan culture shows that Dongyi people are also the inventors of rituals, which indicates the formation of their social class and country. Chinese archaeologist Yu Weichao[7] believes that "if it were not for the great flood more than 4,000 years ago, the Dongyi people might have established China’s earliest dynasty."[8]
From the founding of Qi and Lu in the early Western Zhou dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period, it was the period of formation of Qi culture (Jiaodong culture) and Lu culture (Western Lu culture). Among them, Qi culture is dominated by Dongyi culture and supplemented by Zhou culture, while Lu culture is dominated by Zhou culture and supplemented by Dongyi culture. The culture of Qi was utilitarian or rational, which resulted in the emergence of military strategists (Sun Wu, Sun Bin), astronomers (Gan De, Zou Yan), medical scientists (Bian Que), logicians (Gongsun Long), and Yin-Yang sects (Zou Yan) as well as Taoists, famous scholars, legalists, peasants, politicians, and other pragmatic schools of thought; while Lu culture focused on etiquette and feudalism, and Confucianism advocated the restoration of feudalism and hierarchy. But at the same time, Mohists who opposed Confucianism and advocated logic also emerged. During the Warring States period, Qi culture began to occupy the main body among Qi and Lu cultures, of which Legalism and Mohism accounted for a large part.[9]
Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty recognized the Confucian system during the Han dynasty. After[10] "deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone," it became the cornerstone of the later Chinese social framework and values.[11] At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, two more famous Confucian scholars, He Xiu[12] and Zheng Xuan, appeared in Shandong. During the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties, famous noble families who lived in the south of the Yangtze River, such as the Langya Wang family, Lanling Xiao family,[13] Gaoping Xi family, Langya Yan family, and Taiyang family,[14] all came from the hometown of Qilu. After the Wei and Jin dynasties, Qilu culture gradually lost its independence.[15]
In August 2011, Mo Yan's novel "Frog" won the 8th Mao Dun Literature Award. On October 11, 2012, Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his "fusion of folk tales, history and contemporary times with hallucinatory realism",[16] becoming the first writer from the People's Republic of China to win the award.[17][18]
Representative works of Shandong folk songs include "Liang Fu Yin"[19] from the Han dynasty,[20] Bai Xue Yiyin[21] from the Qing dynasty,[22] and the modern "Yimeng Mountain Minor".[23] Local folk art forms include Shandong Bangzi, Shandong Kuaishu,[24] and Lu opera.
There are currently five main religions in Shandong Province: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity (Protestant).
Buddhism and Taoism have a history of more than a thousand years in Shandong. Islam mainly developed after the Hui Muslims migrated to Shandong in the 13th century. Catholicism and Christianity spread rapidly mainly after the Opium War.
In 1990, there were 1.2 million religious believers in Shandong Province, 3,040 religious activity sites, and 2,578 religious personnel.[25]
Qian Zengyi and Li Rong's Shandong dialect division[26]
| Eastern District | West District | ||
| Donglai District | Dongwei District | Xiqi District | Xilu District |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Jilu Mandarin | Central Plains Mandarin | |
There are different dialects in Shandong, with differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Scholars such as Qian Zengyi divided the Shandong dialect into two major areas and four sub-districts, while Li Rong divided it into three areas: Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin and Central Plains Mandarin.[27] The Shandong dialect taught by Hou Baolin is Jiao-Liao Mandarin, while the Shandong dialect used by Shandong Kuaishu belongs to Hebei-Shandong Mandarin. The Mandarin dialects of Hebei and Shandong include Liaotai films[28] (e.g. Jinan dialect), Huang Le films[29] (e.g. Wudi dialect ), etc.; the Mandarin dialects of the Central Plains include Jining dialect, Zaozhuang dialect, etc.; the Jiaodong dialect is more complex and is the same as the Dalian Dandong dialect of Liaoning . It belongs to Jiao-Liao Mandarin and is the dialect group that is most different from Mandarin in East China . Jiaoliao Mandarin includes Denglianpian,[30] Qinglaipian,[31] and Yingtongpian, with about 30 million users. Among them, the Qinglai area is divided into four small areas: Qingdao area, Qingqu area, Laichang area, and Juzhao area .
Shandong folk customs have two different styles, Qi and Shandong. Qi Su inherited the cultural traditions of Dongyi, was less bound by the clan and Zhou rituals, and had the color of a commodity economy. Lu Su tried to replace the original cultural tradition with Zhou Rites, which was more natural and economical.[32] Among them, the Shandong Plain is characterized by farming culture, with Weifang kites and Yangjiabu New Year paintings exuding a rich earthy atmosphere; the fishermen along the Jiaodong coast are rich in customs, rough and unrestrained; and the western Shandong region has deep traditions and is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius.[33]
Shandong cuisine ranks first among the four major cuisines in China. It has long been famous as early as the Spring and Autumn period. After the Song dynasty, it became the representative of northern cuisine. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Shandong cuisine was the mainstay of the royal cuisine and was very popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, and Northeast China. Greater impact. Shandong cuisine can be divided into Jinan cuisine, Jiaodong cuisine, and Kongfu cuisine.[34] Among them, Jinan cuisine is good at roasting, deep-frying, and stir-frying, and has a heavier taste; Jiaodong cuisine originated from coastal areas such as Fushan, Yantai, and Qingdao, and is good at cooking seafood. The taste is mainly fresh and tender, focusing on light, and paying attention to the original flavor; Kongfu cuisine The dishes are famous all over the world for their exquisite ingredients, fine preparation, unique style, and unique flavor.[35] Shandong's traditional famous dishes include sweet and sour Yellow River carp, roasted sea cucumber with green onion, Mushu meat, grilled abalone in the original shell, nine-turn large intestine, fried lotus, Jinan roast duck, carrot sweet potato, and Sixi meatballs.[36] "Dezhou Braised Chicken Production Technique" and "Longkou Vermicelli Traditional Handmade Production Technique" are also national intangible cultural heritages.[37]
Shandong is also very famous for its wine culture[38] and its emphasis on etiquette.[39] The person with the highest position in the guest party is called the "host" and sits directly opposite the door of the room; to the right of the host is the "guest of honor", who is the person with the highest position among the guests; to the left of the host is the "deputy guest of honor"; The "secondary waiter" sits opposite the main waiter, that is, with his back to the door, and is mainly responsible for driving the guests to drink.[40] Serving food, pouring tea, and pouring wine, among others, all start from the position of the guest of honor.[41] Shandong wine culture also has a long history. Yantai Changyu Winemaking Company, founded by Qing dynasty industrialist Zhang Bishi in 1892, is now the largest wine producer in China and even Asia, and the tenth largest wine producer in the world,[42] with four series of wine, brandy, champagne, and health wine. Hundreds of products.[43] Wine estates and wine culture museums have gradually become new destinations for residents’ cultural tourism, leisure, and sightseeing.[44]
Festivals are divided into traditional festivals and emerging festivals. Most of the emerging festivals are national festivals, such as New Year's Day, Women's Day, and Arbor Day. Since the reform and opening up, many new festivals and conferences have been established in various parts of Shandong, collectively referred to as "emerging festivals", to develop local economy and tourism, including the Confucius Cultural Festival, Rongcheng Fishermen's Festival, Qingdao International Beer Festival, and Zibo Ceramics Glaze Art Festival, and various cultural and art festivals.
Education system: Shandong's education system follows China's national education policy, including nine-year compulsory education,[45] high school education, higher education, and other different levels of education.
Basic education: Shandong province pays attention to basic education, including primary and junior high school education. The school system is extensive, providing students with comprehensive subject education.[46]
Senior high school education: The level of senior high school education in Shandong Province is relatively high, and some famous senior high schools provide high-quality liberal arts and science courses. High school education is a key stage in preparing students for entering universities.
Higher Education: There are many famous universities and higher education institutions in Shandong Province, among which Shandong University, China Ocean University, and Qingdao University are the representatives. These universities enjoy a certain reputation at home and abroad, attracting students from all over the country and internationally.
Scientific research and innovation:[47] Shandong province has also made many achievements in the field of scientific research and innovation, attracting a large number of scientific research talents. Universities and research institutions in the province actively participated in national and local scientific research projects, which promoted scientific and technological innovation and development.
Education reform: Shandong Province is also constantly carrying out education reform to adapt to the changes in social economy and educational needs. This includes efforts to improve the quality of education, promote the application of information technology in education, and strengthen teacher training.[48]
Shandong province has rich resources and a long history in the field of education and is committed to providing high-quality education, which has made positive contributions to the development of students and social progress. The education system in Shandong Province is constantly developing and improving to meet the ever-changing educational needs.
Cultural relics unearthed in Shandong that are prohibited from being exhibited abroad
Dawenkou culture painted pottery eight-pointed star pattern bean (typical Dawenkou culture colored pottery）
Western Zhou dynasty taibaoding (typical representatives of Shang and Zhou bronzes)
Bronze Square Mirror from the Tomb of King Qi (bronze mirror unearthed from the tomb of the princes of the Western Han dynasty)
As of December 2015, Shandong had 446 national-level tourism resources. Among them, there are 10 historical and cultural cities; 196 key cultural relics protection units; 5 national scenic spots; 7 national nature reserves; 42 national forest parks; 13 national geological parks; and 173 national intangible cultural heritage items. There are 783 A-level scenic spots in the province, including 9 5A-level scenic spots.[49] The list is as follows:
- 6 national key scenic spots: Mount Tai, Mount Laoshan, Jiaodong Peninsula Coastal Area, Boshan, Qingzhou, Qianfo Mountain
- 7 national nature reserves: Shanwang Paleontological Fossils, Changdao, Yellow River delta, Jimo Mashan,[50] Binzhou Shell Island and Wetland, Rongcheng Whooper Swan, Kunyu Mountain
- 10 national historical and cultural cities: Qufu, Jinan, Qingdao, Liaocheng, Zoucheng, Linzi, Tai'an, Yantai, Penglai, Qingzhou[51]
- 5 famous historical and cultural villages in China: Zhujiayu Village, Guanzhuang Township, Zhangqiu District, Jinan City, Dongchudao Village, Ningjin Street, Rongcheng City, Xiongyasuo Village, Tianheng Town, Jimo District, Qingdao City, Lijia Village, Wangcun Town, Zhoucun District, Zibo City Tuancun and Gaojiazhuangzi Village, Xinzhuang Town, Zhaoyuan City[53]
- 42 national forest parks: Laoshan, Baodugu, Taishan, Lashan, etc.
- 196 national key cultural relics protection units (list) and 397 provincial-level cultural relics protection units (list)
- Confucius: the founder of Yixue, Confucianism, and Confucianism[54][55][56]
- Sun Wu: A famous military strategist in ancient China, later generations respectfully call him Sun Tzu and the Sage of War.
- Lu Ban: A famous craftsman in the late Spring and Autumn period, he was revered by later generations as the master craftsman of China.
- Wang Xizhi: a Chinese calligrapher in the Eastern Jin dynasty, known as the sage of calligraphy.[57]
- Qin Qiong: a native of Licheng, Qizhou (now Jinan, Shandong) in the Tang dynasty of China. The founding general of the Tang dynasty, one of the twenty-four heroes of Lingyan Pavilion, and Yuchi Gong, the traditional door god.[58]
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