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Qadi Baydawi (also known as Naṣir ad-Din al-Bayḍawi, also spelled Baidawi, Bayzawi and Beyzavi; d. June 1319, Tabriz) was a Persian[6] jurist, theologian, and Quran commentator. He lived during the post-Seljuk and early Mongol era. Many commentaries have been written on his work. He was also the author of several theological treatises.[7]
Qadi Baydawi | |
|---|---|
 16th-century Persian manuscript of Baydawi's Kitab Nizam al-Tawarikh. Copy created in Safavid Iran, probably Tabriz | |
| Personal life | |
| Born | mid 13th-century |
| Died | June 1319[2] |
| Main interest(s) | Tafsir |
| Notable work(s) | The Lights of Revelation and the Secrets of Interpretation |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni, Sufi[3] [4] |
| Jurisprudence | Shafi'i[5] |
| Creed | Ashari[5] |
| Muslim leader | |
Influenced by | |
He lived in the period of the Salghurids. Iranian region was a sheltered place because the Salgurs got along with the Mongols in this period. For this reason, this region became a safe region preferred by scholars. He also benefited from the scholars who came here. Details about his life are available in his book titled al-Gayah al-Kusvâ.[8]
Baydawi's only Persian work, the Kitab Nizam al-Tawarikh, is the first historical book to showcase the ethno-national history of Iran.[6]
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Baydawi was a native of Bayda (from which his nisba was derived), a small town in the Fars region of southern Iran.[9] Since 1148, the region had been controlled by the Salghurids, a family of Turkoman origin, who would rule as nominal vassals of the Seljuks, the Khwarazmshahs, and the Mongols until their downfall in 1282.[10] Baydawi's date of birth is unknown, however, assessing his accomplishments throughout his career, it can be deduced that he was born sometime during the reign of the Salghurid atabeg (ruler) Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (r. 1226–1260). During this period, culture flourished in Fars; Abu Bakr ordered the construction of many hospitals and high-level religious establishments which attracted many scholars.[9]
Like the majority of the population of Fars, Baydawi was a Sunni Muslim of the Shafi'ite madhhab (school).[11] Baydawi's education is obscure. According to the historian al-Yafi'i, Baydawi was tutored by his father Umar, who had been a student of Mujir-ad-Din Mahmud ibn Abi-al-Mubarak al-Baghdadi ash-Shafi'i, a former student of Mui'in-ad-Din Abi-Sa'id Mansur ibn Umar al-Baghdadi, who had studied under the prominent Persian philosopher al-Ghazali (died 1111).[12]
His father, Qazi Imam al-Din Abu al-Qasim 'Umar bin al-Sa'id Fakhr ad-Din Abdullah al-Baydawi was a disciple of Sufi Saint, Abu Talib 'Abd al-Mohsin bin Abi al-'Umaid al-Shafi', al-Khafifi al-Abhari (d. 624/1227) who was well versed in religious laws and was illustrious Muslim scholar in the last 6th and early 7th century A.H.[13][14]
Baydawi became the disciple of a Sufi Saint in Tabriz, Shaikh Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Kunjani.[15][16] Once he wanted to become the Qadi of Fars under the rule of Arghun Khan so he requested the saint to help him in the matter, as Arghun Khan had a high opinion of Shaikh and used to pay homage to the Shaikh on every Thursday. One day when Arghun Khan visited him, the Shaikh told him that "a Persian scholar had begged a piece of hell from him equal to a prayer rug". Arghun Khan wanted further explanation regarding the statement. On this, Shaikh explained to him that Qadi Nasir ud-Din Baydawi wanted the office of the Qadi of Fars. Arghun Khan, on Shaikh's recommendation again appointed him as the Qadi.
Baydawi heard of the Shaikh's remarks made and consequently was much disturbed. He took the words as a warning and became penitent, finally giving up the idea to achieve his desired post. Eventually, he lost his interest in the worldly affairs and settled permanently at Tabriz and spent the rest of his life there.[17] While staying at Tabriz, he began to visit his Shaikh regularly till his death at Tabriz.[17] A narration is also there that he completed his Quranic commentary on a hint by the same Shaikh. He spent his old age in mystic activities at Tabriz.[18][19]
Imam Baydawi, according to Zarkobe, died at Tabriz and was buried in the Charand-ab graveyard[20] and his grave stood near the shrine of his spiritual guide, Shaikh Muhammad bin Muhammad al-Kunjani.[21] Muhammad Ma'sum Shirazi reports his burial on the east of the shrine of Shaikh Zia ud-Din Yahya in the same graveyard.[15]
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al-Baydawi wrote on many subjects, including fiqh (jurisprudence), history, Arabic grammar, tafsir and theology.
His major work is the commentary on the Qur'an entitled The Lights of Revelation and the Secrets of Interpretation (Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta'wil)'. This work is largely a condensed and amended edition of al-Zamakhshari's (al-Kashshaf). That work, which displays great learning, is affected by Mu'tazilite views, which al-Baydawi has tried to amend, sometimes by refuting them and sometimes by omitting them.[22][23] In addition to drawing heavily from al-Kashshaf, al-Baydawi's tafsir also relied on the tafsirs of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and al-Raghib al-Isfahani.[24] It has been edited by Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer (2 vols., Leipzig, 1846-1848; indices ed. W. Fell, Leipzig, 1878). A selection with numerous notes was edited by D. S. Margoliouth as Chrestomathia Beidawiana (London, 1894),[7] and his commentary on Sūra 12 was edited and translated by A. F. L. Beeston.[25]
His historical work Nizam al-Tawarikh (The Ordering of Histories) was written in Persian, his native language.[1] It seems to be part of an effort to encourage Abaqa Khan, the Buddhist ruler of Iraq to legitimize Ilkhanate rule in Iraq by conversion to Islam.[26] This work played a key-role in the formation of the ethno-national history of Iran, being the first book devoted to its national history.[6]
His theological/kalamic work "Tawali' al-Anwar min Matali' al-Anzar" is about the logic of kalam in the Islamic theological tradition.
His other works: al-Gayah al-Kusvâ, Minhaj al-Usul ila Ilm al-Usul, Lub al-Albâb, Risala fî Ta'rifat al-Ulûm, Tuhfeh al-Abrâr, Havâs al-Quran.[27]
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