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Proto-Totonacan or Proto-Totonac-Tepehua (abbreviated PTn or PTT) is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Totonacan languages of Mexico. It was first reconstructed using comparative methods in 1953 by Evangelina Arana Osnaya.[1] Some linguists[a] have proposed a link between the Totonacan and Mixe–Zoque language families; therefore making Proto-Totonacan a sister language of Proto-Mixe–Zoque and descendant of Proto-Totozoquean.[2]
| Proto-Totonacan (PTn) | |
|---|---|
| Proto-Totonac-Tepehua (PTT) | |
| Reconstruction of | Totonacan languages |
Consonants
- Notes
Vowels
- Notes
- Brown et al. (2011) accept this vowel inventory.[2]
- MacKay and Trechsel (2018) reject laryngealized vowels in Proto-Totonacan. They argue that laryngealized vowels in the Totonac languages are too infrequent and erratic after fricatives and sonorants to support their reconstruction.[3]
The following Proto-Totonac-Tepehua reconstructions are from MacKay and Trechsel (2018).[3]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Totonac-Tepehua |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ‘spicy’ | *ɬkaka |
| 2 | ‘ash(es)’ | *ɬk’ak’a |
| 3 | ‘dances’ | *ƛ’ii-ya |
| 4 | ‘vomits’ | *p’aƛ’an-ya |
| 5 | ‘ear of corn’ | *ƛ’aqƛ’a |
| 6 | ‘counts’ | *puuƛ’aq’i-ya |
| 7 | ‘walks’ | *ƛ’aawan-ya |
| 8 | ‘pot’, ‘pitcher’ | *ƛ’amank |
| 9 | ‘bends’, ‘breaks’, ‘twists’ | *taƛ’aq’i-ya |
| 10 | ‘ripe’, ‘mature’ | *k’aƛa’ |
| 11 | ‘wins’, ‘earns’ | *ƛaha-ya |
| 12 | ‘tires’, ‘gets tired’ | *ƛaqwan-ya |
| 13 | ‘talks to X’, ‘greets X’ | šaqaƛii-ya |
| 14 | ‘makes’, ‘does’ | *ƛawa-ya |
| 15 | ‘avocado tree’ | *kukaƛiiɬi |
| 16 | ‘nettle’ | *qahni |
| 17 | ‘lime (mineral)’ | *qaštah |
| 18 | ‘dust’, ‘powder’ | *puqšni |
| 19 | ‘flea’ | *aq¢’iis |
| 20 | ‘wasp’ | *qalaati |
| 21 | ‘turtle’ | *qahin |
| 22 | ‘knee’ | *¢uqutni |
| 23 | ‘tomato’ | *paqɬča |
| 24 | ‘plays’ | qamaanan-ya |
| 25 | ‘whistles’ | *squli-ya |
| 26 | ‘infant’, ‘baby’ | *sq’at’a |
| 27 | ‘heron’ | *luuq’u |
| 28 | ‘tongue’ | *siimaq’aati |
| 29 | ‘egg’ | *q’aɬwaati |
| 30 | ‘yucca’ | *q’ušq’ihu |
| 31 | ‘gourd’ | *q’aaši |
| 32 | ‘washes X’ | *č’aq’aa-ya |
| 33 | ‘salty’ | *sq’uq’u |
| 34 | ‘steals’, ‘steals X’ | *q’aɬa- |
| 35 | ‘remembers’, ‘remembers X’ | *paastak’-ya |
| 36 | ‘piles X up’ | *maast’uq’-ya |
| 37 | ‘drinks’, ‘drinks X’ | *q’ut’-ya |
| 38 | ‘hears’, ‘hears X’ | *qašmat’-ya |
| 39 | ‘returns’ | *tasp’it’-ya |
| 40 | ‘cuts X’ | *sit’-ya |
| 41 | ‘squeezes X’ | *č’it’-ya |
| 42 | ‘unties X’ | *škut’-ya |
| 43 | ‘picks X up’ | *sak’-ya |
| 44 | ‘writes’, ‘writes X’ | *¢’uq’-ya |
| 45 | ‘foam’ | *puputi |
| 46 | ‘neck-related (body-part prefix)’ | *piš- |
| 47 | ‘pig’ | *p’ašni |
| 48 | ‘cuts X’ | *p’uš-ya |
| 49 | ‘louse’ | *skaata |
| 50 | ‘sleeps’ | *ɬtata-ya |
| 51 | ‘two’ | *-t’uy |
| 52 | ‘sells X’ | *st’aa-ya |
| 53 | ‘mouth’ | *kiɬni |
| 54 | ‘hand-related (body-part prefix)’ | *maka- |
| 55 | ‘knows X’ | *k’a¢ii-ya |
| 56 | ‘year’ | *k’aata |
| 57 | ‘tooth-related (body-part prefix)’ | *ta¢a- |
| 58 | ‘breast’ | *¢’ík’iiti |
| 59 | ‘stone’ | *čiwiš |
| 60 | ‘sugar cane’ | *č’ankati |
| 61 | ‘rain’ | *saʔiini |
| 62 | ‘blows X’ | *sunu-ya |
| 63 | ‘sweet’ | *saqsi(ʔ) |
| 64 | ‘bitter’ | *suuni |
| 65 | ‘eats’ | *wahin-ya |
| 66 | ‘is lying down’, ‘is supine’ | *maa-ɬi |
| 67 | ‘lizard’ | *slul |
| 68 | ‘is seated’ | *wii-ɬi |
| 69 | ‘liver’ | *ɬwak’ak’a |
| 70 | ‘throws X’, ‘throws X away’ | *maq’an-ya |
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