Protactinocerida

Protactinocerida is a proposed order of Late Cambrian nautiloid cephalopods. Their fossils have only been found in the Late Cambrian (late Jiangshanian to early Stage 10) of North China, a diversity pattern similar to other early cephalopod orders.^[1][2]

Protactinocerida Temporal range: Upper Cambrian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Subclass:	Nautiloidea
Superorder:	†Plectronoceratoidea
Order:	†Protactinocerida Chen et al., 1979
Genera
Protactinoceridae Benxioceras Mastoceras Physalactinoceras Protactinoceras Sinoeremoceras Wanwanoceras

They were very similar to members of the order Plectronocerida in most respects. Like plectronocerids, their shells were compressed and slightly curved, containing numerous closely-spaced septa. The connecting rings have a calciosiphonate structure, while the siphuncle is divided by narrow partitions known as diaphragms. Protactinocerids were originally differentiated from plectronocerids based on their proportionally wider siphuncle.^[2] For many proposed protactinocerid genera, this may be a misinterpretation of fossil cross-sections exposed along a shallower angle than in plectronocerid fossils. Nevertheless, a very broad siphuncle (more than half the width of the shell) does seem to be valid for Protactinoceras at least.^[3] Another supposed distinguishing trait is the presence of calcite deposits between the diaphragms.^[2] However, it is difficult to distinguish biological calcite deposition from later diagenetic infilling, so this trait is also dubious.^[4] Some authors have suggested merging Protactinocerida into Plectronocerida in light of the uncertainty in differentiating the two orders.^[4][5]

References

1. Fang, Xiang; Kröger, Björn; Zhang, Yuan-Dong; Zhang, Yun-Bai; Chen, Ting-En (2019-03-01). "Palaeogeographic distribution and diversity of cephalopods during the Cambrian–Ordovician transition". Palaeoworld. Onset of the GOBE. 28 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.08.007. hdl:10138/308817. ISSN 1871-174X. S2CID 134586179.
2. Jun-Yuan, Chen; Teichert, Curt (1983). "Cambrian cephalopods". Geology. 11 (11): 647. Bibcode:1983Geo....11..647J. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<647:CC>2.0.CO;2.
3. Mutvei, Harry (2020-04-02). "Restudy of some plectronocerid nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from the late Cambrian of China; discussion on nautiloid evolution and origin of the siphuncle" (PDF). GFF. 142 (2): 115–124. doi:10.1080/11035897.2020.1739742. ISSN 1103-5897. S2CID 219047374.
4. Mutvei, H.; Zhang, Y.; Dunca, E. (2007). "Late Cambrian Plectronocerid Nautiloids and Their Role in Cephalopod Evolution". Palaeontology. 50 (6): 1327–1333. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00708.x.
5. Pohle A, Kröger B, Warnock RC, King AH, Evans DH, Aubrechtová M, et al. (April 2022). "Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference". BMC Biology. 20 (1): 88. doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01284-5. PMC 9008929. PMID 35421982.