Proprotein convertase 2

Proprotein convertase 2 (PC2) also known as prohormone convertase 2 or neuroendocrine convertase 2 (NEC2) is a serine protease and proprotein convertase PC2, like proprotein convertase 1 (PC1), is an enzyme responsible for the first step in the maturation of many neuroendocrine peptides from their precursors, such as the conversion of proinsulin to insulin intermediates. To generate the bioactive form of insulin (and many other peptides), a second step involving the removal of C-terminal basic residues is required; this step is mediated by carboxypeptidases E and/or D. PC2 plays only a minor role in the first step of insulin biosynthesis, but a greater role in the first step of glucagon biosynthesis compared to PC1. PC2 binds to the neuroendocrine protein named 7B2, and if this protein is not present, proPC2 cannot become enzymatically active. 7B2 accomplishes this by preventing the aggregation of proPC2 to inactivatable forms. The C-terminal domain of 7B2 also inhibits PC2 activity until it is cleaved into smaller inactive forms that lack carboxy-terminal basic residues. Thus, 7B2 is both an activator and an inhibitor of PC2. PC2 has been identified in a number of animals, including C. elegans.^[5]

PCSK2
Identifiers
Aliases	PCSK2, NEC 2, NEC-2, NEC2, PC2, SPC2, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 2
External IDs	OMIM: 162151; MGI: 97512; HomoloGene: 37640; GeneCards: PCSK2; OMA:PCSK2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 20 (human)[1] Band 20p12.1 Start 17,226,107 bp[1] End 17,484,578 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse)[2] Band 2 G1|2 70.89 cM Start 143,388,076 bp[2] End 143,658,205 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in islet of Langerhans Brodmann area 23 beta cell right lobe of thyroid gland Region I of hippocampus proper endothelial cell middle temporal gyrus superior frontal gyrus Brodmann area 46 orbitofrontal cortex Top expressed in islet of Langerhans medial dorsal nucleus habenula primary motor cortex mammillary body olfactory tubercle lateral geniculate nucleus prefrontal cortex medial geniculate nucleus ventromedial nucleus More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Gene ontology Molecular function endopeptidase activity peptidase activity protein binding serine-type peptidase activity hydrolase activity serine-type endopeptidase activity protein-containing complex binding Cellular component perikaryon membrane transport vesicle secretory granule soma dendrite secretory granule lumen cytoplasmic vesicle extracellular space nucleus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle extracellular region neuron projection Biological process protein processing insulin processing protein autoprocessing nervous system development proteolysis enkephalin processing islet amyloid polypeptide processing peptide hormone processing Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5126 18549 Ensembl ENSG00000125851 ENSMUSG00000027419 UniProt P16519 P21661 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002594 NM_001201528 NM_001201529 NM_008792 RefSeq (protein) NP_001188457 NP_001188458 NP_002585 NP_032818 Location (UCSC) Chr 20: 17.23 – 17.48 Mb Chr 2: 143.39 – 143.66 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

proprotein convertase 2
Identifiers
EC no.	3.4.21.94
CAS no.	130960-94-0
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / QuickGO
Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins

In humans, proprotein convertase 2 is encoded by the PCSK2 gene.^[6] It is related to the bacterial enzyme subtilisin, and altogether there are 9 different subtilisin-like genes in mammals: furin, PACE4, PC4, PC5/6, PC7/8, PCSK9, and SKI1/S1P.

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125851 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027419 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Gomez-Saladin E, Wilson DL, Dickerson IM (1994). "Isolation and in situ localization of a cDNA encoding a Kex2-like prohormone convertase in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 14 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1007/bf02088586. PMID 7954663. S2CID 43015859.
6. Seidah NG, Mattei MG, Gaspar L, Benjannet S, Mbikay M, Chrétien M (September 1991). "Chromosomal assignments of the genes for neuroendocrine convertase PC1 (NEC1) to human 5q15-21, neuroendocrine convertase PC2 (NEC2) to human 20p11.1-11.2, and furin (mouse 7[D1-E2] region)". Genomics. 11 (1): 103–7. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(91)90106-O. PMID 1765368.

Further reading

• Leak TS, Keene KL, Langefeld CD, et al. (2007). "Association of the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 2 (PCSK2) gene with type 2 diabetes in an African American population". Mol. Genet. Metab. 92 (1–2): 145–50. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.05.014. PMC 2752824. PMID 17618154.
• Oguri M, Kato K, Yokoi K, et al. (2010). "Assessment of a polymorphism of SDK1 with hypertension in Japanese Individuals". Am. J. Hypertens. 23 (1): 70–7. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.190. PMID 19851296.
• Zemunik T, Boban M, Lauc G, et al. (2009). "Genome-wide association study of biochemical traits in Korcula Island, Croatia". Croat. Med. J. 50 (1): 23–33. doi:10.3325/cmj.2009.50.23. PMC 2657564. PMID 19260141.
• Shen X, Li QL, Brent GA, Friedman TC (2005). "Regulation of regional expression in rat brain PC2 by thyroid hormone/characterization of novel negative thyroid hormone response elements in the PC2 promoter". Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 288 (1): E236–45. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2004. PMID 15585599.
• Rehfeld JF, Bundgaard JR, Hannibal J, et al. (2008). "The cell-specific pattern of cholecystokinin peptides in endocrine cells versus neurons is governed by the expression of prohormone convertases 1/3, 2, and 5/6". Endocrinology. 149 (4): 1600–8. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0278. PMC 2734493. PMID 18096669.
• Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, et al. (2001). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20". Nature. 414 (6866): 865–71. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..865D. doi:10.1038/414865a. PMID 11780052.
• Mbikay M, Seidah NG, Chrétien M (2001). "Neuroendocrine secretory protein 7B2: structure, expression and functions". Biochem. J. 357 (Pt 2): 329–42. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3570329. PMC 1221959. PMID 11439082.
• Fuller JA, Brun-Zinkernagel AM, Clark AF, Wordinger RJ (2009). "Subtilisin-like proprotein convertase expression, localization, and activity in the human retina and optic nerve head". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50 (12): 5759–68. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2616. PMC 4155744. PMID 19339735.
• Winsky-Sommerer R, Grouselle D, Rougeot C, et al. (2003). "The proprotein convertase PC2 is involved in the maturation of prosomatostatin to somatostatin-14 but not in the somatostatin deficit in Alzheimer's disease". Neuroscience. 122 (2): 437–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.621.1259. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00560-8. PMID 14614908. S2CID 16055552.
• Wang J, Xu J, Finnerty J, et al. (2001). "The prohormone convertase enzyme 2 (PC2) is essential for processing pro-islet amyloid polypeptide at the NH2-terminal cleavage site". Diabetes. 50 (3): 534–9. doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.3.534. PMID 11246872.
• Tzimas GN, Chevet E, Jenna S, et al. (2005). "Abnormal expression and processing of the proprotein convertases PC1 and PC2 in human colorectal liver metastases". BMC Cancer. 5: 149. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-5-149. PMC 1310616. PMID 16293189.
• Deftos LJ, Burton D, Hastings RH, et al. (2001). "Comparative tissue distribution of the processing enzymes "prohormone thiol protease," and prohormone convertases 1 and 2, in human PTHrP-producing cell lines and mammalian neuroendocrine tissues". Endocrine. 15 (2): 217–24. doi:10.1385/ENDO:15:2:217. PMID 11720250. S2CID 21101668.
• Ohagi S, Yoshida H, Nanjo K (1994). "[Analysis of the gene encoding human PC2, a prohormone processing enzyme]". Nippon Rinsho. 52 (10): 2544–9. PMID 7983775.
• Li QL, Jansen E, Brent GA, et al. (2000). "Interactions between the prohormone convertase 2 promoter and the thyroid hormone receptor". Endocrinology. 141 (9): 3256–66. doi:10.1210/endo.141.9.7674. PMID 10965896.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
• Yoshida T, Kato K, Yokoi K, et al. (2009). "Association of gene polymorphisms with chronic kidney disease in Japanese individuals". Int. J. Mol. Med. 24 (4): 539–47. doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000263. PMID 19724895.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Bassi DE, Mahloogi H, Klein-Szanto AJ (2000). "The proprotein convertases furin and PACE4 play a significant role in tumor progression". Mol. Carcinog. 28 (2): 63–9. doi:10.1002/1098-2744(200006)28:2<63::AID-MC1>3.0.CO;2-C. PMID 10900462. S2CID 22849623.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Takahashi T, Ida T, Sato T, et al. (2009). "Production of n-octanoyl-modified ghrelin in cultured cells requires prohormone processing protease and ghrelin O-acyltransferase, as well as n-octanoic acid". J. Biochem. 146 (5): 675–82. doi:10.1093/jb/mvp112. PMID 19628676.
• Zhu X, Lindberg I (1995). "7B2 facilitates the maturation of proPC2 in neuroendocrine cells and is required for the expression of enzymatic activity". J. Cell Biol. 129 (6): 1641–50. doi:10.1083/jcb.129.6.1641. PMC 2291188. PMID 7790360.

External links

• Proprotein+convertase+2 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)