Kilo-class submarine

"Kilo Class" redirects here. For the novel by Patrick Robinson, see Kilo Class (novel).

The Kilo-class submarines are a group of diesel-electric attack submarines designed by the Rubin Design Bureau^[1][3][4] in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and built originally for the Soviet Navy.

Russian Black Sea Fleet Improved Kilo–class submarine B-265 Krasnodar in 2015
Class overview
Builders	Rubin Design Bureau Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard Amur Shipbuilding Plant Admiralty Shipyard Sevmash
Operators	See Operators
Preceded by	Tango class
Succeeded by	Lada class
Subclasses	Sindhughosh class
Built	1980–present
In service	1980–present
In commission	December 1980–present
Building	2
Completed	83
Active	65
Lost	1
Retired	16
Preserved	1
General characteristics
Type	Attack submarine
Displacement	Surfaced: 2,325 (Project 877) – 2,350 (Project 636.3) tons Submerged: 3,075 tons full load (Project 877); 3,950 tons full load (Project 636.3)[1] [2]
Length	58.7–83.8 m (192 ft 7 in – 274 ft 11 in)
Beam	9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
Draft	6.2 m (20 ft 4 in)
Installed power	Diesel-electric
Propulsion	Diesel-electric propulsion 2 × 1000 kW diesel generators 1 × 5,500–6,800 shp (4,100–5,100 kW) propulsion motor 1 × fixed-pitch 6-bladed (Project 877) or 7-bladed (Project 636) propeller
Speed	Surfaced: 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) Submerged: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Range	With snorkel: 6,000–7,500 nmi (11,100–13,900 km; 6,900–8,600 mi) at 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) Submerged: 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) at 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) Full run: 12.7 nmi (23.5 km; 14.6 mi) at 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Endurance	45 days
Test depth	Operational: 240 m (790 ft) Maximum: 300 m (980 ft)
Complement	52
Armament	6 × 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes 18 torpedoes 4[3] Kalibr/Club land-attack cruise missile, anti-ship missile and anti-submarine missile (some versions) 24 mines 8 9K34 Strela-3 (SA-N-8 Gremlin) or 8 9K310 Igla-1 (SA-N-10 Gimlet) surface-to-air missiles (export submarines may not be equipped with air defense weapons)

Russian Project 877 in the English Channel in 2018

A Russian Kilo-class submarine underway on the surface

The first version had the Soviet designation Project 877 Paltus (Russian: Па́лтус, meaning "halibut"), NATO reporting name Kilo.^[5] They entered operational service in 1980 and continued being built until the mid-1990s, when production switched to the more advanced Project 636 Varshavyanka variant, also known in the West as the Improved Kilo class.^[6][7][8] The design was updated again by the Russian Navy in the mid-2010s, to a variant called Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II.^[5]

Role

The Project 877 attack submarines were mainly intended for anti-shipping and anti-submarine operations in relatively shallow waters. Original Project 877 boats are equipped with Rubikon MGK-400 sonar system (with NATO reporting name Shark Gill), which includes a mine detection and avoidance sonar MG-519 Arfa (with NATO reporting name Mouse Roar).

Newer Project 636 boats are equipped with improved MGK-400EM, with MG-519 Arfa also upgraded to MG-519EM. MGK 400E can detect submarines with 0.05 Pa/Hz noisiness in 16 km (9.9 mi) and surface vessels with 10 Pa/Hz noisiness in 100 km (62 mi).^[9] The improved sonar systems have reduced the number of operators needed by sharing the same console via automation.

Anechoic tiles are fitted on casings and fins to absorb the sound waves of active sonar, which results in a reduction and distortion of the return signal.^[10] These tiles also help attenuate sounds that are emitted from the submarine, thus reducing the range at which the submarine may be detected by passive sonar.^[11]

Project 636 and 636.3 submarines can launch Kalibr (and their Club export version) cruise missiles. It was reported in September 2022 that they can carry four Kalibr missiles, and can launch them through two of their six torpedo tubes.^[12]

History

A single Project 877 submarine, B-871 Alrosa, is equipped with pump-jet propulsion, instead of a propeller.^[13] It has been retrofitted for the Kalibr missile.^[14]

It was planned for Project 636 (Improved Kilo) to be succeeded by the Lada class in Russian Navy service. However, by November 2011 it was apparent that the Lada class would be delayed because Sankt Peterburg (B-585), the lead boat of the class, had shown major deficiencies. On 27 July 2012, the Russian Navy commander-in-chief announced that construction of the Lada-class submarines would resume, having undergone design changes.^{[citation needed]} Series production was reported to be underway in the latter 2010s.^{[15][needs update]}

The Russian Navy also moved forward in the late 2010s, with the construction of Project 636.3, also known as Improved Kilo II. The first-in-class was named Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (PPK) and was launched by the head of Admiralty Shipyard Alexander Buzakov on 28 March 2019, or some thirty months after commission.^[1] By November 2019, six units had been built for the Black Sea Fleet and further boats were proposed, but not funded, for the Pacific and Baltic Fleets.^[4]

In June 2022, an unconfirmed report from within Russia's defense industry suggested that a further tranche of six additional Project 636.3 vessels might be ordered to start construction in around 2024.^[16] The PPK class "is slightly longer in length — the sub's submerged displacement is around 4,000 tons — and features improved engines, an improved combat system, as well as new noise reduction technology; it can fire both torpedoes and cruise missiles, launched from one of six 533-millimeter torpedo tubes."^[1] The PPK class has a seven-bladed propeller, instead of the six-bladed propeller of the Project 877 class.^[14]

Specifications

Schematic drawing of Kilo-class submarine

There are several variants of the Kilo class. The information below is the smallest and largest number from the available information for all three main variants of the boat.^[17]

• Displacement:
  • 2,300–2,350 tons surfaced
  • 3,000–4,000 tons submerged
• Dimensions:
  • Length: 70–74 meters
  • Beam: 9.9 meters
  • Draft: 6.2–6.5 meters
• Maximum speed
  • 10–12 knots surfaced (18–22 km/h)
  • 17–25 knots submerged (31–46 km/h)
• Propulsion: Diesel-electric 5,900 shp (4,400 kW)
• Maximum depth: 300 meters (240–250 meters operational)
• Endurance
  • 400 nautical miles (700 km) at 3 knots (6 km/h) submerged
  • 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km) at 7 knots (13 km/h) snorkeling (7,500 miles for the Improved Kilo class)
  • 45 days sea endurance
• Armament
  • Air defence: 8 Strela-3 or 8 Igla-1, but after sea trial it^[which?] was rejected by the navy.^{[citation needed]}
  • Six 533 mm torpedo tubes with 18 53-65 ASuW or TEST 71/76 ASW torpedoes or VA-111 Shkval supercavitating torpedoes, or 24 DM-1 mines,
• Crew: 52
• Price per unit is US$200–250 million (China paid about US$1.5–2 billion for 8 Project 636 Kilo-class submarines)^{[when?][citation needed]}

Operational history

Kilo-class attack submarines originally began entering service with the Soviet Navy from 1980.^{[citation needed]}

At the beginning of 2014, the Chinese PLA Navy held an emergency combat readiness test.^[18] The captain of the 32nd Submarine Detachment Wang Hongli was ordered to take the Kilo-class submarine Yuanzheng 72 (hull number: 372) on a combat readiness voyage. Submarine 372 suddenly encountered a "cliff" caused by a sudden change in seawater density. Because the seawater density suddenly decreased, the submarine lost its buoyancy and rapidly fell to the seabed more than 3,000 meters deep. The pressure on the submarine increased sharply, and the main engine room pipeline was damaged and water entered. Wang Hongli quickly issued a series of commands, and the commanders and crew accurately completed dozens of operations, successfully surfacing the submarine in 3 minutes, avoiding the tragedy of the submarine being destroyed and people dying. Submarine 372 lost power due to a large amount of water entering the main engine room. Wang Hongli led the officers and soldiers to eliminate the equipment failure. Finally, only one navigation motor was used to power the submarine and it entered the ocean. This voyage created many firsts for the submarines of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.^[19][20] The PLA Navy declared it a miracle in the history of world submarines.^[21]

On August 27, 2014, Chairman of the Central Military Commission Xi Jinping signed a general order to award the First Class Merit to Wang Hongli, commander of the 92474th Unit (Military Unit Cover Designator 92474).^[22] On September 2, 2014, a celebration meeting was held at submarine detachment of the South China Sea Fleet to award the first-class merit awarded by the Central Military Commission to Wang Hongli and the Navy to Submarine 372. Member of the Central Military Commission and Commander of the Navy Wu Shengli read out the orders of the Central Military Commission and the Navy, and awarded medals and certificates to Wang Hongli and Submarine 372 respectively.^[23]

In 2015 five Kilo-class submarines were deployed to the Russian naval facility in Tartus, Syria. At least two of the units reportedly attacked land targets inside Syria with 3M54 Kalibr cruise missiles (NATO designation: SS-N-27A "Sizzler").^[4] On 8 December 2015 marked the first time a Kilo-class submarine fired cruise missiles against an enemy. B-237 Rostov-on-Don struck two targets near the ISIS capital of Raqqa by the missile attack.^[24] The B-237 Rostov-on-Don transited the Dardanelles on its way back to the Black Sea on 12 February 2022.^[25]

The B-871 Alrosa, a pump-jet Kilo class, which derives from the Project 877 hull, participated in the Russo-Ukraine War.

After the sinking of the Russian cruiser Moskva in April 2022, it was remarked that the Kilo-class subs were the only members of the Black Sea Fleet whose orders did not prohibit venturing into Ukrainian waters near Odesa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[26] In September 2022, after the early 2022 Crimea attacks, the UK Ministry of Defence said that the Kilo-class submarines were moved from Sevastopol to the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai.^[27][12]

On 13 September 2023, B-237 Rostov-on-Don was severely damaged by a Ukrainian Storm Shadow missile strike while it was drydocked in Sevastopol.^[28][29][30] According to satellite images taken in June 2024, the submarine was moved to a lesser used dry dock within the port. Camouflage nets were thrown up to disguise its presence and to make observation more challenging. According to reports, the submarine is under repair.^[31]

On 2 August 2024, Ukrainian Forces launched a strike against a Russian submarine and an S-400 air defense system in Crimea. Ukrainian sources claimed that the submarine B-237 Rostov-on-Don was "sunk on the spot" in the attack.^{[32][33][34][35][36]} Other sources claim that the submarine was only hit and not sunk.^[37] Satellite images showed the that camouflage nets were burned out by the strike.^[38]

Operators

The first submarine entered service in the Soviet Navy in 1980, and the class remains in use with the Russian Navy today; around 11 original Kilo-class vessels believed to still be in active service with the Russian Navy (as of 2023), while new Improved Kilo–class subs are being delivered through the 2020s to replace them. About forty vessels have been exported to several countries:

•  Algeria: 2 original Kilo (Project 877), 4 Improved Kilo (Project 636).^{[39][40][41][42][43][44]}
•  People's Republic of China: 2 original Kilo (Project 877), 10 Improved Kilo (Project 636).^[45][46]
•  India: 10 original Kilo (Project 877), 1 sustained major casualty^[17][47] – designated as the Sindhughosh class
•  Myanmar: one boat transferred from Indian Navy by March 2020.^[48][49]
•  Poland: 1 original Kilo (Project 877) – ORP Orzeł.^[50][51]
•  Iran: 3 original Kilo (Project 877).^[46]
•  Romania: 1 original Kilo (Project 877) – Romanian submarine Delfinul (not operational).^{[citation needed]}
•  Russia: 10–11 original Kilo (Project 877), 11 Improved Kilo (Project 636.3)^[52] and 1 additional Improved Kilo on order (636.3) for Pacific Fleet to be delivered in 2024.^[53] One further Improved Kilo ordered in August 2020, during the International Military-Technical Forum "ARMY-2020";^[54][55] up to six additional boats of the class intended to replace Project 877 units; first three ordered in 2023.^[56]
•  Vietnam: 6 Improved Kilo (Project 636)^[57][58][59] – Hồ Chí Minh City, Hà Nội, Hải Phòng, Đà Nẵng, Khánh Hoà, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu.

Possible purchasers

The government of Venezuela expressed interest since 2005 in acquiring nine AIP-powered conventional submarines, either the German U214 or later the Amur 1650. There was a Russian counteroffer due to technical issues at the shipyards back then, for five Project 636 Kilo-class and four Amur 1650, but it hasn't gone through yet.^[60]

In 2017, the Philippine Navy showed interest in the Kilo-class submarine as part of its modernization program. Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana said the country was evaluating a Russian offer.^[61]

Failed bids

The Indonesian Navy was interested in purchasing two used Kilo-class submarines, but the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Laksamana Marsetio cancelled the plans in 2014 after inspecting the two submarines in Russia with an Indonesian Navy team. He said, "The submarines look good on the outside, but the inside is filled with broken equipment, and the two submarines have been in storage for two years." Indonesia instead bought six Improved Jang Bogo-class submarines, later known as Nagapasa-class submarine, including a transfer of technology, where Indonesia will eventually build four of six of the submarines with South Korea.^[62] Actually, the bid for Kilo Russian submarines fell apart due to the lapse of the financing term of the Russian Federation.

Gallery

• 
  The Polish Kilo-class submarine ORP Orzeł, 26 June 2011
• 
  Russian Kilo-class submarines in Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast
• 
  An Algerian Kilo-class submarine
• 
  A Chinese Kilo-class submarine being delivered from Russia as deck cargo in 1995.
• 
  ORP Orzeł, the control room of an 877E-class submarine
• 
  The Iranian Kilo-class submarine Yunes, during delivery in 1995.
• 
  Indian Kilo-class submarine, INS Sindhughosh
• 
  Diesel submarine Kilo-class Kaluga returns from a long voyage
• 
  Russian Improved Kilo-class submarine Ufa during the Russian Navy Day parade in 2023.

List of submarines

Project 877

Operator	#	Name	Shipyard	Project	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fleet	Status
Russia	B-248	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	16 March 1980	12 September 1980	31 December 1980		Decommissioned 2001
Russia	B-260	Chita	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	22 February 1981	23 August 1981	30 December 1981	PF	Decommissioned 2013, sank partially on way to scrap in 2019
Russia	B-227	Vyborg	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	23 February 1982	16 September 1982	23 February 1983	BF	Decommissioned 2018 (exhibit patriot park Kronstadt)
Russia	B-229	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	23 February 1983	15 July 1983	30 October 1983		Decommissioned 2002
Russia	B-404	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	7 May 1983	24 September 1983	30 December 1983		Decommissioned 2002
Russia	B-401	Novosibirsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	6 October 1982	15 March 1984	30 September 1984	NF	Decommissioned 2012
Russia	B-402	Vologda	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	24 August 1983	29 September 1984	30 December 1984	NF	Decommissioned 2016
Russia	B-405	(ex Tyumenskiy Komsomolets)	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	20 April 1984	21 September 1984	30 December 1984		Decommissioned 2002
Poland	291 (ex-B-351)	Orzeł	Nizhniy Novgorod	877E	29 September 1984	7 June 1985	29 April 1986		Active as of 2010[update]
Romania	581 (ex-B-801)	Delfinul	Nizhniy Novgorod	877E	1984	1985	August 1985		Unknown (in reserve since 1995)
India	S55	Sindhughosh	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	29 May 1983	29 July 1985	25 November 1985		Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2002–2005
Russia	B-470	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	6 May 1985	27 August 1985	30 December 1985		Decommissioned 2005
Russia	B-806	Dmitrov	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM [citation needed]	15 October 1984	30 April 1986	25 September 1986	BF	Active as of 2018[update][63]
India	S56	Sindhudhvaj	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	1 April 1986	27 July 1986	25 November 1986		Decommissioned on 16 July 2022.[64]
Algeria	012	Rais Hadj Mubarek	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1985	1986	29 November 1986		Upgraded in 2010, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
Russia	B-439	x	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	4 April 1986	31 July 1986	30 December 1986		Decommissioned 2005
India	S57	Sindhuraj	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1986	1987	2 September 1987		Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
Algeria	013	El Hadj Slimane	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1986	1987	25 November 1987		Upgraded in 2011, able to launch Kalibr/Club missiles
Myanmar	71	UMS Minye Theinkhathu (ex-Sindhuvir)	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	15 May 1987	13 September 1987	25 December 1987		Modernized to project 08773 in 1997–1999, transferred to Myanmar Navy in 2020
Russia	B-445	Svyatoi Nikolai Chudotvorets	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	21 March 1987	26 September 1987	30 January 1988	PF	May have decommissioned 2020;[65] listed as still in service by one source[66]
India	S59	Sindhuratna	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	1987	1988	14 August 1988		Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2001–2003
India	S60	Sindhukesari	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	20 April 1988	16 August 1988	29 October 1988		Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 1999–2001
Russia	B-808	Yaroslavl	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	29 September 1986	30 July 1988	27 December 1988	NF	Decommissioned 2022[67]
Russia	B-394	Nurlat	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	15 April 1988	3 September 1988	30 December 1988	PF	Active 2018
Russia	B-800	Kaluga (ex-Vologodskij komsomolets)	Nizhniy Novgorod	877LPMB [citation needed]	5 March 1987	7 May 1989	30 September 1989	NF	Refitted in 2009–2012, active 2022[67]
India	S61	Sindhukirti	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	5 April 1989	26 August 1989	30 October 1989		Active, modernized to project 08773
Russia	B-464	Ust'-Kamchatsk	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	26 May 1989	23 September 1989	30 January 1990	PF	Active 2018
Russia	B-459	Vladikavkaz	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	25 February 1988	29 April 1990	30 September 1990	NF	Refitted in 2011–15, active, entered Baltic Sea 3 July 2018 to take part in Main Naval Parade in St Petersburg on 29 July.
India	S62	Sindhuvijay	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	6 April 1990	27 July 1990	27 October 1990		Active as of 2010[update], modernized to project 08773 in 2005–2007
Russia	B-871	Alrosa	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	17 May 1988	September 1989	30 December 1990	BSF	Refitted in 2014–2022[68]
Russia	B-471	Magnitogorsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	26 October 1988	22 September 1990	30 December 1990	NF	Active 2018
Russia	B-494	Ust'-Bolsheretsk	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	5 May 1990	4 October 1990	30 December 1990	PF	Decommissioned 2023[69]
Iran	901	Taregh	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	5 April 1991	25 September 1991	25 December 1991		Active as of 2012[update][70] Upgraded in Iran shipyard[71]
Russia	B-187	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	7 May 1991	5 October 1991	30 December 1991	PF	Active 2018[72]
Russia	B-177	Lipetsk	Nizhniy Novgorod	877	3 November 1989	27 July 1991	30 December 1991	NF	Active 2018
Russia	B-190	Krasnokamensk	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	8 May 1992	25 September 1992	30 December 1992	PF	Decommissioned 2023[73]
Iran	902	Noah	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	30 April 1992	16 October 1992	31 December 1992		Unknown (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
Russia	B-345	Mogocha	Komsomolsk-on-Amur	877	22 April 1993	6 October 1993	22 January 1994		Decommissioned 29 May 2021[65]
People's Republic of China	364	Yuan Zheng 64 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	???	1994	10 November 1994		Decommissioned 2021
People's Republic of China	365	Yuan Zheng 65 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	877EKM	???	1995	14 August 1995		Decommissioned 2021
Iran	903	Yunes	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	5 February 1992	12 July 1994	2 September 1996		Active as 2011[74] (probably in modernization in Iranian shipyard)
India	S63	Sindhurakshak	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	16 February 1995	26 June 1997	2 October 1997		A munitions accident caused an explosion and fire while at berth in 2013.[75] It was later scuttled.
India	S65	Sindhurashtra	Saint Petersburg	877EKM	12 December 1998	14 October 1999	16 May 2000		Active as of 2010[update]

Project 636

Operator	#	Name	Shipyard	Project	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fleet	Status
People's Republic of China	366	Yuan Zheng 66 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636	16 July 1996	26 April 1997	26 August 1997		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	367	Yuan Zheng 67 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636	28 August 1997	18 June 1998	25 October 1998		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	368	Yuan Zheng 68 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	18 October 2002	27 May 2004	20 October 2004		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	369	Yuan Zheng 69 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	18 October 2002	19 August 2004	2005		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	370	Yuan Zheng 70 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2004	May 2005	2005		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	371	Yuan Zheng 71 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2004	2005	2005		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	372	Yuan Zheng 72 Hao	Saint Petersburg	636M	2005	2005	2006		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	373	Yuan Zheng 73 Hao	Nizhniy Novgorod	636M	July 1992	8 May 2004	5 August 2005		Active as of 2007[update]
People's Republic of China	374	Yuan Zheng 74 Hao	Severodvinsk	636M	29 May 2003	21 May 2005	30 December 2005		Active as of 2006[update]
People's Republic of China	375	Yuan Zheng 75 Hao	Severodvinsk	636M	29 May 2003	14 July 2005	30 December 2005		Active as of 2006[update]
Algeria	021	Messali el Hadj	Saint Petersburg	636M	2006	20 November 2008	28 August 2009		Active[citation needed]
Algeria	022	Akram Pacha	Saint Petersburg	636M	2007	9 April 2009	29 October 2009		Active[citation needed]
Vietnam	182	Hà Nội	Saint Petersburg	636.1	25 August 2010	28 August 2012[76]	3 April 2014		Active as of 2014[77][78]
Vietnam	183	Hồ Chí Minh City	Saint Petersburg	636.1	28 September 2011	28 December 2012	3 April 2014		Active as of 2014[79][non-primary source needed][80]
Vietnam	184	Hải Phòng	Saint Petersburg	636.1		August 2013[81]	1 August 2015		Active as of 2014[82]
Vietnam	185	Khánh Hoà	Saint Petersburg	636.1	2013	28 March 2014[83][non-primary source needed]	1 August 2015		Active as of 2015[84]
Vietnam	186	Đà Nẵng	Saint Petersburg	636.1		28 December 2014	28 February 2017		Active as of 2016[85]
Vietnam	187	Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu	Saint Petersburg	636.1	28 May 2014[86]	28 September 2015	28 February 2017		Active as of 2017[87]
Algeria	031	El Ouarsenis	Saint Petersburg	636.1	2015	14 March 2017	9 January 2019		Active as of 2019[88]
Algeria	032	El Hoggar	Saint Petersburg	636.1		18 June 2018	9 January 2019		Active as of 2019[88]

Project 636.3

Italics indicate estimates.

Operator	#	Name	Shipyard	Project	Laid down	Launched	Commissioned	Fleet	Status
Russia	B-261	Novorossiysk [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	20 August 2010[89]	28 November 2013[90]	22 August 2014[91][92]	BSF	Active
Russia	B-237	Rostov-na-Donu	Saint Petersburg	636.3	21 November 2011[93]	26 June 2014[94]	30 December 2014[95]	BSF	Damaged by the cruise missile strike on Sevastopol drydock on 12 September 2023.[96] Currently completed repair in dry dock.[97][98]
Russia	B-262	Stary Oskol [ru][99]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	17 August 2012[100]	28 August 2014[101]	25 June 2015	BSF	Active
Russia	B-265	Krasnodar [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	20 February 2014[102]	25 April 2015[103]	5 November 2015	BSF	Active
Russia	B-268	Velikiy Novgorod [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	30 October 2014[104]	18 March 2016[105]	25 October 2016[106]	BSF	Active
Russia	B-271	Kolpino [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	30 October 2014[104]	31 May 2016[107]	24 November 2016	BSF	Active
Russia	B-274	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	28 July 2017[108]	28 March 2019[109]	25 November 2019[110]	PF	Active
Russia	B-603	Volkhov [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	28 July 2017[108]	26 December 2019[111]	24 October 2020[112]	PF	Active; carried out land-attack cruise missile tests in January 2022[113]
Russia	B-602	Magadan [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	1 November 2019[114]	26 March 2021[115]	12 October 2021[116][117][118][119][120][121]	PF	Active; deployed in the Pacific fleet late 2022[122]
Russia	B-588	Ufa [ru]	Saint Petersburg	636.3	1 November 2019[114]	31 March 2022[123]	16 November 2022[124][125][126][120][127]	PF	Active[128]
Russia	B-608	Mozhaysk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	23 August 2021[129][130]	27 April 2023[131]	28 November 2023	PF	Active[132]
Russia	B-???	Yakutsk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	23 August 2021[129][130]	11 October 2024[133]	2024[134][135][120][127]	PF	Under construction[136]
Russia	B-???	Petrozavodsk	Saint Petersburg	636.3	2022[127]		2025[127]	BF[127]	Ordered in 2020,[137][138] improved design[139]
Russia	B-???	Mariupol	Saint Petersburg	636.3	Autumn 2024[140]		2027	NF[141]	Ordered in 2022
Russia	B-???		Saint Petersburg	636.3	2023[142][143]		2026	BF	Ordered in 2022
Russia	B-???		Saint Petersburg	636.3	2025		2028	BF	Ordered in 2022

See also

• List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes
• List of submarine classes in service
• Future of the Russian Navy
• Cruise missile submarine
• Attack submarine

Notes

Citations

1. Gady, Franz-Stefan (7 October 2019). "New Russian Attack Sub Enters Sea Trials". The Diplomat.
2. https://pp.userapi.com/c639327/v639327924/38091/NS2cZmDNPqM.jpg
3. "АПЛ Проекта 636.3" [Project 636.3 Nuclear Submarine]. pp.userapi.com (in Russian). Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
4. Gady, Franz-Stefan (22 November 2019). "First Project 636.3 Kilo-Class Attack Sub to Enter Service With Russia's Pacific Fleet This Month". The Diplomat.
5. Tomasz Grotnik (14 October 2024). "Russia launches Final Project 636.3 Submarine for Pacific Fleet". Naval News.
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Bibliography

• Darman, Peter, ed. (2004). Twenty-first Century Submarines and Warships. Military Handbooks. Rochester: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-678-2.
• Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.

Further reading

• Breemer, Jan S. (1989). Soviet Submarines: Design, Development and Tactics. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0710605269.
• Miller, David; Jordan, John (1987). Modern Submarine Warfare. New York: Military Press. ISBN 0-517-64647-1.
• Miller, David (1989). Modern Submarines. Combat Arms. New York: Prentice Hall Press. ISBN 0-13-589102-7.
• Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
• Polmar, Norman; Noot, Jurrien S. (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718-1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-570-1.

External links

• SSK Kilo Class (Type 636) at Naval-technology.com
• SSK Kilo Class (Type 877EKM) at Naval-technology.com
• "Kilo Class Diesel-Electric Submarine". China Defence Today. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007.
• "Серия 877 Варшавянка". Encyclopedia of Ships (in Russian). Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2006.
• ""Rubin" Central Design Bureau for Marine Engineering".
• "Kilo Class "Alrosa" PhotoAlbum: 100 Photos". Russian Black Sea Fleet. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2007.