Progressivism

Progressivism is a left-leaning political philosophy and movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform – primarily based on purported advancements in social organization, science, and technology.^[1] Adherents hold that progressivism has universal application and endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere. Progressivism arose during the Age of Enlightenment out of the belief that civility in Europe was improving due to the application of new empirical knowledge.^[2]

In modern political discourse, progressivism is often associated with social liberalism,^[3]^[4]^[5] a left-leaning type of liberalism, and social democracy.^[6]^[7] Within economic progressivism, there is some ideological variety on the social liberal to social democrat continuum, as well as occasionally some variance on cultural issues; examples of this include some Christian democrat and conservative-leaning communitarian movements.^[8]^[9]

From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution

Immanuel Kant identified progress as being a movement away from barbarism toward civilization.^[10] 18th-century philosopher and political scientist Marquis de Condorcet predicted that political progress would involve the disappearance of slavery, the rise of literacy, the lessening of sex inequality, prison reforms which at the time were harsh, and the decline of poverty.^[11]

Modernity or modernisation was a key form of the idea of progress as promoted by classical liberals in the 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernisation of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances to free markets and the free movements of people.^[12]

In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in the Western world that progress was being stifled by vast economic inequality between the rich and the poor, minimally regulated laissez-faire capitalism with out-of-control monopolistic corporations, intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with a need for measures to address these problems.^[13] Progressivism has influenced various political movements. Social liberalism was influenced by British liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill's conception of people being "progressive beings."^[14] British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli developed progressive conservatism under one-nation Toryism.^[15]^[16]

In France, the space between social revolution and the socially conservative laissez-faire centre-right was filled with the emergence of radicalism which thought that social progress required anti-clericalism, humanism, and republicanism. Especially anti-clericalism was the dominant influence on the centre-left in many French- and Romance-speaking countries until the mid-20th century. In Imperial Germany, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck enacted various progressive social welfare measures out of paternalistic conservative motivations to distance workers from the socialist movement of the time and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the Industrial Revolution.^[17]

In 1891, the Roman Catholic Church encyclical Rerum novarum issued by Pope Leo XIII condemned the exploitation of labor and urged support for labor unions and government regulation of businesses in the interests of social justice while upholding the property right and criticising socialism.^[18] A progressive Protestant outlook called the Social Gospel emerged in North America that focused on challenging economic exploitation and poverty and, by the mid-1890s, was common in many Protestant theological seminaries in the United States.^[19]

Early 20th-century progressivism included support for American engagement in World War I and the creation of and participation in the League of Nations,^[20]^[21] compulsory sterilisation in Scandinavia,^[22] and eugenics in Great Britain,^[23] and the temperance movement.^[24]^[25] Progressives believed that progress was stifled by economic inequality, inadequately regulated monopolistic corporations, and conflict between workers and elites, arguing that corrective measures were needed.^[26]

Contemporary mainstream political conception of the philosophy

In the United States, progressivism began as an intellectual rebellion against the political philosophy of Constitutionalism^[27] as expressed by John Locke and the founders of the American Republic, whereby the authority of government depends on observing limitations on its just powers.^[28] What began as a social movement in the 1890s grew into a popular political movement referred to as the Progressive era; in the 1912 United States presidential election, all three U.S. presidential candidates claimed to be progressives. While the term progressivism represents a range of diverse political pressure groups, not always united, progressives rejected social Darwinism, believing that the problems society faced, such as class warfare, greed, poverty, racism and violence, could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed in a strong central government.^[29] President Theodore Roosevelt of the Republican Party and later the Progressive Party declared that he "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand."^[30]

President Woodrow Wilson was also a member of the American progressive movement within the Democratic Party. Progressive stances have evolved. Imperialism was a controversial issue within progressivism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supported American imperialism while others opposed it.^[31] In response to World War I, President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points established the concept of national self-determination and criticised imperialist competition and colonial injustices. Anti-imperialists supported these views in areas resisting imperial rule.^[32]

During the period of acceptance of economic Keynesianism (the 1930s–1970s), there was widespread acceptance in many nations of a large role for state intervention in the economy. With the rise of neoliberalism and challenges to state interventionist policies in the 1970s and 1980s, centre-left progressive movements responded by adopting the Third Way, which emphasised a major role for the market economy.^[33] There have been social democrats who have called for the social-democratic movement to move past Third Way.^[34] Prominent progressive conservative elements in the British Conservative Party have criticised neoliberalism.^[35]

In the 21st century, progressives continue to favour public policy that they theorise will reduce or lessen the harmful effects of economic inequality as well as systemic discrimination such as institutional racism; to advocate for social safety nets and workers' rights; and to oppose corporate influence on the democratic process. The unifying theme is to call attention to the negative impacts of current institutions or ways of doing things and to advocate for social progress, i.e., for positive change as defined by any of several standards such as the expansion of democracy, increased egalitarianism in the form of economic and social equality as well as improved well being of a population. Proponents of social democracy have identified themselves as promoting the progressive cause.^[36]

Cultural progressivism

Progressivism, in the general sense, mainly means social and cultural progressivism. The term cultural liberalism is used in a substantially similar context and can be said to be a synonym for cultural progressivism.^[37] Unlike progressives in a broader sense, some cultural progressives may be economically centrist, conservative, or politically libertarian. The Czech Pirate Party is classified as a (cultural or social) progressive party,^[38] but it calls itself "economically centrist and socially liberal".^[39]

Economic progressivism

Economic progressivism is a term used to distinguish it from progressivism in cultural fields. Economic progressives' views are often rooted in the concept of social justice and aim to improve the human condition through government regulation, social protections and the maintenance of public goods.^[40]

Some economic progressives may show centre-right views on cultural issues. These movements are related to communitarian conservative movements such as Christian democracy and one-nation conservatism.^[8]^[41]

Techno progressivism

An early mention of techno-progressivism appeared in 1999 as the removal of "all political, cultural, biological, and psychological limits to self-actualization and self-realization".^[42] According to techno-progressivism, scientific and technical aspects of progress are linked to ethical and social developments in society. Therefore, according to the majority of techno-progressive viewpoints, advancements in science and technology will not be considered proper progress until and unless they are accompanied by a fair distribution of the costs, risks, and rewards of these new capabilities. Many techno-progressive critics and supporters believe that while improved democracy, increased justice, decreased violence, and a broader culture of rights are all desirable, they are insufficient on their own to address the problems of modern technological societies unless and until they are accompanied by scientific and technological advancements that uphold and apply these ideals.^[43]^[44]^{[self-published source?]}

Current parties

Afghanistan: Solidarity Party of Afghanistan
Argentina: Union for the Homeland (factions)^[45]^[46]^[47]
Australia: Australian Greens,^[48] Fusion Party, Reason Party, Australian Labor Party (factions)
Brazil: Workers' Party,^[49] Brazilian Socialist Party (factions),^[50] Democratic Labour Party,^[51] Socialism and Liberty Party^[52]
Canada: Liberal Party of Canada (factions),^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56] New Democratic Party, Canadian Future Party
Chile: Broad Front, Liberal Party of Chile
Colombia: Humane Colombia
Croatia: Social Democratic Party^[57]
Czech Republic: Czech Pirate Party^[38]^[58]
France: Radical Party of the Left, New Deal^[59]
Germany: Alliance 90/The Greens, Party of Humanists
Greece: Syriza^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]
Hungary: Democratic Coalition
India: Communist Party of India (Marxist), Communist Party of India, Indian National Congress, Aam Aadmi Party
Italy: Possible, Green Europe
Indonesia: Green Party of Indonesia^[64]
Japan: Social Democratic Party, Japanese Communist Party,^[65]^[66]^[67] Reiwa Shinsengumi^[68]
Kosovo: Vetëvendosje
Kuwait: Kuwaiti Progressive Movement
Mexico: Morena, Party of the Democratic Revolution, Citizens' Movement
Netherlands: Democrats 66, GroenLinks,^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73] PvdA^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]
Pakistan: Pakistan Peoples Party
Peru: Purple Party
Philippines: Akbayan^[75]
Poland: Polish Initiative
Portugal: Socialist Party, Left Bloc, People Animals Nature,^[76] LIVRE, Volt Portugal
Romania: Save Romania Union, Democracy and Solidarity Party, Volt Romania, PRO Romania
Russia: Yabloko^[77]
Serbia: Party of the Radical Left
Singapore: Progress Singapore Party^[78]
Slovakia: Progressive Slovakia
South Korea: Justice Party, Progressive Party,^[79]^[80] Mirae Party
Spain: Spanish Socialist Worker's Party,^[60]^[81] Más Madrid,^[82]^[83] Sumar, Republican Left of Catalonia
Taiwan: Democratic Progressive Party,^[84]^[85] New Power Party, Taiwan People's Party (factions)
Thailand: Thai Liberal Party,^[86] People's Party
Turkey: Republican People's Party
United Kingdom: Green Party of England and Wales,^[87] Labour Party (factions), Liberal Democrats (factions), Scottish National Party, Plaid Cymru, Social Democratic and Labour Party, One Love Party, Transform
United States: Democratic Party (factions),^[88]^[89]^[90] Working Families Party,^[91] Green Party of the United States^[92]
Venezuela: Popular Will

Former parties

Citations

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Harold Mah. Enlightenment Phantasies: Cultural Identity in France and Germany, 1750–1914. Cornell University. (2003). p. 157.
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Gerstle, Gary (2022). The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0197519646. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2024. The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left.
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"Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?". Catholic News Agency. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2021. Politically, we would be considered center-right on social issues
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"New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching". 26 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2021. I was working on my doctoral dissertation largely concerning difficulties and opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements ... and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues.
[10]
Kant, Immanuel; Reiss, Hans Siegbert (1991). "Kant: political writings". Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press.
[11]
Nisbet, Robert (1980). History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books. ch 5
[12]
Joyce Appleby; Lynn Hunt & Margaret Jacob (1995). Telling the Truth about History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 78. ISBN 9780393078916.
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Alan Ryan. The Making of Modern Liberalism. p. 25.
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Nancy L. Cohen, ed. (2012). Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America. Catapult. ISBN 9781619020962. When the going got tough, the economic progressives got going back to the Reagan days when the cultural progressives were to blame. Clinton's presidential campaign had "signaled cultural moderation and articulated the pocketbook frustrations of ordinary people," Robert Kuttner, editor of The American Prospect ventured. "But in office, he seemed a cultural liberal who failed to produce on economics."
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[42]
Sikora, Tomasz (2003). The Cultural Dimension of Waste: a Critique of the Ethos of Technology. Economic and Environmental Studies. p. 103-112.
[43]
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Liisa L. North, Timothy D. Clark, ed. (2017). Dominant Elites in Latin America: From Neo-Liberalism to the 'Pink Tide'. Springer. p. 212. ISBN 9783319532554. In Brazil, as Simone Bohn makes straightforward (Chap. 3), the progressive Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) governments did not threaten the power of the national elite or landlord class; ...
[50]
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[51]
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O que pensam os partidos progressistas sobre o "Efeito Lula", 17 March 2021
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Alvin Finkel (2012). Our Lives: Canada after 1945: Second Edition. James Lorimer & Company. p. 5. ... capitalism and a wise federal bureaucracy presided over by a progressive Liberal party with intelligent leaders.
[54]
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[57]
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Gregor Fitzi; Juergen Mackert; Bryan S. Turner, eds. (2018). Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 3: Migration, Gender, and Religion. Routledge. ISBN 9781351608916. Progressive groups such as Syriza and Podemos6 tend, on the contrary, to show solidarity towards migrants and refugees, as in general being the weakest components of the society. The Five Star Movement that defines itself as neither ...
[61]
Christopher Chase-Dunn, Paul Almeida, ed. (2020). Global Struggles and Social Change: From Prehistory to World Revolution in the Twenty-First Century. JHU Press. p. 133. ISBN 9781421438634. The Arab Spring, the Latin American Pink Tide, the Indignados in Spain, the Occupy movement, the rise of progressive social movement– based parties in Spain (Podemos) and in Greece (Syriza), and the spike in mass protests in 2011 and ...
[62]
Prebble Q. Ramswell, ed. (2017). Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism. Lexington Books. p. 86. ISBN 9781498546041. SYRIZA massively scooped up the votes of leftist, progressive, socially liberal young people, as well as the trade union voters, not specifically aligned with the Communist Party, to gain 52 seats.
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[64]
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Matthew Allen, Rumi Sakamoto, ed. (2007). Popular Culture, Globalization and Japan. Routledge. ... capturing 295 seats in the Diet. Progressive parties like the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party, ...
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Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo, ed. (2016). EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 9781137503428. Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ...
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""선제공격 능력 갖추자" 日정부 주장에…"시대착오적" 비판". Edaily. 13 November 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. ... 개헌에 반대해 온 진보 성향의 일본공산당은 "적 기지에 대한 공격력을 갖추더라도 상대국의 지하나 이동발사대 등 미사일 위치를 모두 파악하고 파괴하는 것은 불가능하다"며 ... [... The progressive position Japanese Communist Party, which has opposed the constitutional amendment, said, "Even if it has offensive power against enemy bases, it is impossible to identify and destroy all missile locations such as underground or mobile launchers of the other country" ...]
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Sebastián Royo, ed. (2020). Why Banks Fail: The Political Roots of Banking Crises in Spain. Springer Nature. p. 298. ISBN 9781137532282. As of January 2020 (the time of writing), a new leftist government coalition between the Socialist Party and the leftist populist Unidas Podemos that emerged from the November 2019 election is coming to power with a progressive agenda ...
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Chang, Yun-Shik (2008), "Left and right in South Korean politics", Korea Confronts Globalization, Taylor & Francis, p. 176, ISBN 9780203931141

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Schutz, Aaron. Social Class, Social Action, and Education: The Failure of Progressive Democracy. Palgrave, Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 9780230105911.
Tröhler, Daniel. Progressivism. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press, 2017.

Progressivism – entry at the Encyclopædia Britannica

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Progressivism

From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution

Contemporary mainstream political conception of the philosophy

Cultural progressivism

Economic progressivism

Techno progressivism

Current parties

Former parties

Citations

Sources

Wikiwand in your browser!

Progressivism

From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution

Contemporary mainstream political conception of the philosophy

Cultural progressivism

Economic progressivism

Techno progressivism

Current parties

Former parties

Citations

Sources

Wikiwand in your browser!

History

Types

Progressive parties or parties with progressive factions

See also

References

External links