Prehensility

"Prehension" redirects here. For the philosophical, see Alfred North Whitehead § Theory of perception.

Prehensility is the quality of an appendage or organ that has adapted for grasping or holding. The word is derived from the Latin term prehendere, meaning "to grasp". The ability to grasp is likely derived from a number of different origins. The most common are tree-climbing and the need to manipulate food.^[1]

Giraffe's prehensile tongue

A prehensile tail

Examples

Appendages that can become prehensile include:

Hands and feet	The hands of primates are all prehensile to varying degrees The front paws of raccoons and many of their relatives are prehensile. The feet of passerine birds can be prehensile
Tails	New World monkeys have prehensile tails Tails of many extant lizards (geckos, chameleons, and a species of skink) are prehensile Seahorses grip seaweed with their tails. Several fossil animals have been interpreted as having prehensile tails, including several Late Triassic drepanosaurs,[2] and possibly the Late Permian synapsid Suminia.[3]
Tongue	Giraffes' tongues in particular are prehensile Some other ungulates' tongues are also prehensile to a lesser extent
Nose	The noses of elephants and tapirs are prehensile
Lip or lips	Lips of lake sturgeon, orangutans, horses, and rhinos Upper lip of the West Indian manatee
Tentacles	Arms of octopuses, squid, and the cirri of nautiluses To a limited extent, the tentacles of sea anemones, hydra, and a few other invertebrates can grasp and move objects

Uses

Human feet prehensility example, done with everyday objects

Prehensility affords animals a great natural advantage in manipulating their environment for feeding, climbing, digging, and defense. It enables many animals, such as primates, to use tools to complete tasks that would otherwise be impossible without highly specialized anatomy. For example, chimpanzees have the ability to use sticks to obtain termites and grubs in a manner similar to human fishing. However, not all prehensile organs are applied to tool use; the giraffe tongue, for instance, is instead used in feeding and self-cleaning.

See also

• Robot end effector

References

1. Böhmer, Christine; Fabre, Anne-Claire; Taverne, Maxime; Herbin, Marc; Peigné, Stéphane; Herrel, Anthony (2019-04-27). "Functional relationship between myology and ecology in carnivores: do forelimb muscles reflect adaptations to prehension?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 127 (3): 661–680. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blz036. ISSN 0024-4066.
2. Silvio Renesto, Justin A.; Spielmann, Spencer G. Lucas; Spagnoli, Giorgio Tarditi (2010). "The taxonomy and paleobiology of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian: Adamanian-Apachean) drepanosaurs (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha: Drepanosauromorpha)". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 46: 1–81.
3. Fröbisch, Jörg; Reisz, Robert R. (2009). "The Late Permian herbivore Suminia and the early evolution of arboreality in terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1673) (Online first ed.): 3611–3618. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0911. PMC 2817304. PMID 19640883.