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Politics of Lithuania takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic,[1][2][3][4] whereby the president of Lithuania is the head of state and the prime minister of Lithuania is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.
Executive power is exercised by the president and the Government, which is headed by the prime minister. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the unicameral Seimas (Lithuanian Parliament). Judicial power is vested in judges appointed by the president of Lithuania and is independent of executive and legislature power. The judiciary consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, and the Court of Appeal as well as the separate administrative courts. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania established these powers upon its approval on 25 October 1992. Being a multi-party system, the government of Lithuania is not dominated by any single political party, rather it consists of numerous parties that must work with each other to form coalition governments. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Lithuania a "flawed democracy" in 2022.[5][needs update]
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Since Lithuania restored independence on 11 March 1990, it has kept democratic traditions. Drawing from the interwar experiences, politicians made many different proposals that ranged from strong parliamentarism to a presidential republic with checks and balances similar to the United States. Through compromise, a semi-presidential system was settled.[1] In a referendum on 25 October 1992, the first general vote of the people since their declared independence, 56.75% of the total number of voters supported the new constitution.[6]
All major political parties declared their support for Lithuania's membership in NATO and the European Union (EU). Lithuania joined NATO on 29 March 2004.[7] Lithuania joined the EU on 1 May 2004 and Schengen Area on 21 December 2007 and Eurozone on 1 January 2015.[8]
Since 1991, Lithuanian voters have shifted from right to left and back again, swinging between the Conservatives, led by Vytautas Landsbergis, and the (formerly Communist) Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by president Algirdas Brazauskas. During this period, the prime minister was Gediminas Vagnorius.
Valdas Adamkus was the president since 1998. His proposed prime minister was Rolandas Paksas, whose government got off to a rocky start and collapsed within seven months. The alternation between left and right was broken in the October 2000 elections when the Liberal Union and New Union parties won the most votes and were able to form a centrist ruling coalition with minor partners. President Adamkus played a key role in bringing the new centrist parties together. Artūras Paulauskas, the leader of the centre-left New Union (also known as the social-liberal party), became the Chairman of the Seimas. In July 2001, the centre-left New Union party forged an alliance with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and formed a new cabinet under former president Algirdas Brazauskas. On 11 April 2006, Artūras Paulauskas was removed from his position and Viktoras Muntianas was elected Chairman of the Seimas.[9]
The cabinet of Algirdas Brazauskas resigned on 31 May 2006, as President Valdas Adamkus expressed no confidence in two of the Ministers, formerly party colleagues of Brazauskas, over ethical principles. Brazauskas decided not to remain in office as acting prime minister, and announced that he was finally retiring from politics.[10] Even so, he led the ruling Social Democratic Party of Lithuania for one more year, until 19 May 2007, when he passed the reins to Gediminas Kirkilas. On 27 November 2008, Andrius Kubilius of conservative Homeland Union was appointed as a prime minister.[11] In December 2012 Andrius Kubilius was succeeded by Algirdas Butkevičius after his Social Democratic Party became the biggest party in parliamentary elections.[12]
In 2016, The Peasant and Green's Union (LGPU) won parliamentary elections. It secured 54 seats in the 141-member parliament (Seimas), making a previously small centrist agrarian party the biggest in parliament. The conservative Homeland Union won 30 seats. The ruling Social Democrats, led by Lithuania's Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevciu, lost heavily and secured just 17 seats.[13] On 22 November 2016, Saulius Skvernelis of the Lithuanian Peasants and Greens Union, became new prime minister.[14]
In October 2020, conservative opposition Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats (TS-LKD) won parliamentary elections with 50 seats. Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis' Union of Farmers and Greens came a distant second with just 32 seats.[15] In November 2020, Ingrida Šimonytė became new prime minister, after forming a centre-right coalition government of her TS-LKD and two liberal parties.[16]
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Government in Lithuania is made up of three branches originally envisioned by enlightenment philosopher Baron de Montesquieu: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch is separate and is set up to do checks and balances on each other branch.
Executive branch
The executive branch of the Lithuanian government consists of a president, a prime minister, and the president's Council of Ministers. It is in charge of running the government.
President
The president of Lithuania is the head of state of the country, elected directly for a five-year term and can serve maximum of two terms consecutively. Presidential elections take place in a modified version of the two-round system. If half of voters participate, a candidate must win a majority of the total valid vote in order to win election in the first round. If fewer than half of voters participate, a candidate can win outright with a plurality and at least one third of the total vote. If the first round does not produce a president, a runoff is held between the top two finishers in the first round, with a plurality sufficient to win.
The president, with the approval of the Seimas, is first responsible of appointing the prime minister. Upon the prime minister's nomination, the president also appoints, under the recommendation of the prime minister, the Council of Ministers (13 ministries), as well as a number of other top civil servants and the judges for all courts. The president also serves as the commander-in-chief, oversees foreign and security policy, addresses political problems of foreign and domestic affairs, proclaims states of emergency, considers the laws adopted by the Seimas, and performs other duties specified in the Constitution.[17] Lithuanian presidents have somewhat greater power than their counterparts in Estonia and Latvia, but have more influence in foreign policy than domestic policy.[18]
Former president Rolandas Paksas, who had defeated Adamkus in 2003, was impeached in April 2004 for leaking classified information.[19]
Dalia Grybauskaitė, the first female president, served as the president of Lithuania since July 2009 until 2019, winning a reelection bid in 2014. Grybauskaitė succeeded Valdas Adamkus who had served a total of two non-consecutive terms.[20]
In 2019, Gitanas Nauseda won Lithuania's presidential runoff election after his opponent Ingrida Šimonytė conceded.[21]
Prime minister
The prime minister of Lithuania is the head of government of the country, appointed by the president and approved by the Seimas. The prime minister, within 15 days of being appointed, is responsible for choosing ministers for the president to approve to each of the 13 ministries. In general, the prime minister is in charge of the affairs of the country, maintains homeland security, carries out laws and resolutions of the Seimas and decrees of the president, maintains diplomatic relations with foreign countries and international organizations, and performs other duties specified in the Constitution.[17] In practice, the prime minister is mostly responsible for domestic policy, while the president mostly handles foreign policy.
Council of Ministers
Similar to the cabinet of other nations, the Council of Ministers consists of 13 ministers chosen by the prime minister and appointed by the president. Each minister is responsible for his or her own ministry of the Lithuanian government and must give reports on his or her ministry when directed to.[22] When the prime minister resigns or dies, the position is to be filled as soon as possible and the new leader will appoint a new government.
Current office holders
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Gitanas Nausėda | Independent | 12 July 2019 |
| Prime Minister | Gintautas Paluckas | Social Democratic Party of Lithuania | 12 December 2024 |
Legislative branch
The parliament (Seimas) has 141 members that are elected for a 4-year term. About half of the members are elected in single-member districts (71), and the other half (70) are elected in the nationwide vote using proportional representation by party lists. A party must receive at least 5% of the national vote to be represented in the Seimas.
Political parties and elections
2019 presidential election
| Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||
| Ingrida Šimonytė | Independent | 442,353 | 31.43 | 437,399 | 33.28 |
| Gitanas Nausėda | Independent | 438,469 | 31.16 | 876,749 | 66.72 |
| Saulius Skvernelis | Independent | 278,680 | 19.80 | ||
| Vytenis Andriukaitis | Social Democratic Party of Lithuania | 67,802 | 4.82 | ||
| Arvydas Juozaitis | Independent | 66,535 | 4.73 | ||
| Valdemar Tomaševski | Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania | 56,411 | 4.01 | ||
| Mindaugas Puidokas | Independent | 36,645 | 2.60 | ||
| Naglis Puteikis | Lithuanian Centre Party | 11,214 | 0.80 | ||
| Valentinas Mazuronis | Independent | 9,169 | 0.65 | ||
| Invalid/blank votes | 9,905 | – | 17,097 | – | |
| Total | 1,417,183 | 100 | 1,314,148 | 100 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,486,915 | 56.99 | 2,491,021 | 53.44 | |
| Source: VRK, VRK | |||||
2020 parliamentary election
 | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Proportional | Constituency (first round) | Constituency (second round) | Total seats | +/– | |||||||
| Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | ||||
| Homeland Union | 292,124 | 25.77 | 23 | 268,919 | 24.16 | 1 | 356,599 | 40.17 | 26 | 50 | +19 | |
| Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union | 204,791 | 18.07 | 16 | 169,370 | 15.22 | 0 | 209,718 | 23.62 | 16 | 32 | −22 | |
| Labour Party | 110,773 | 9.77 | 9 | 88,408 | 7.94 | 0 | 8,077 | 0.91 | 1 | 10 | +8 | |
| Social Democratic Party of Lithuania | 108,649 | 9.58 | 8 | 130,851 | 11.76 | 0 | 75,561 | 8.51 | 5 | 13 | −4 | |
| Freedom Party | 107,093 | 9.45 | 8 | 72,046 | 6.47 | 0 | 72,288 | 8.14 | 3 | 11 | New | |
| Liberal Movement | 79,755 | 7.04 | 6 | 103,238 | 9.28 | 0 | 60,841 | 6.85 | 7 | 13 | −1 | |
| Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania | 56,386 | 4.97 | 0 | 53,007 | 4.76 | 2 | 14,837 | 1.67 | 1 | 3 | −5 | |
| Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania | 37,197 | 3.28 | 0 | 51,923 | 4.67 | 0 | 26,199 | 2.95 | 3 | 3 | New | |
| Centre Party – Nationalists | 26,769 | 2.36 | 0 | 20,468 | 1.84 | 0 | 5,405 | 0.61 | 0 | 0 | −1 | |
| National Alliance | 25,098 | 2.21 | 0 | 14,938 | 1.34 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Freedom and Justice | 23,355 | 2.06 | 0 | 28,641 | 2.57 | 0 | 9,631 | 1.08 | 1 | 1 | New | |
| Lithuanian Green Party | 19,303 | 1.70 | 0 | 35,205 | 3.16 | 0 | 6,648 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| The Way of Courage | 13,337 | 1.18 | 0 | 2,573 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Lithuania – For Everyone | 11,352 | 1.00 | 0 | 7,917 | 0.71 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Christian Union | 8,825 | 0.78 | 0 | 17,433 | 1.57 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||
| Union of Intergenerational Solidarity – Cohesion for Lithuania | 5,808 | 0.51 | 0 | 2,753 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Lithuanian People's Party | 2,946 | 0.26 | 0 | 1,087 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Lithuanian List | 1,043 | 0.09 | 0 | 0 | –1 | |||||||
| Independents | 43,083 | 3.87 | 0 | 41,938 | 4.72 | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Total | 1,133,561 | 100.00 | 70 | 1,112,903 | 100.00 | 3 | 887,742 | 100.00 | 68 | 141 | 0 | |
| Valid votes | 1,133,561 | 96.47 | 1,112,903 | 94.74 | 887,742 | 96.03 | ||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 41,465 | 3.53 | 61,822 | 5.26 | 36,667 | 3.97 | ||||||
| Total votes | 1,175,026 | 100.00 | 1,174,725 | 100.00 | 924,409 | 100.00 | ||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,457,722 | 47.81 | 2,457,722 | 47.80 | 2,355,726 | 39.24 | ||||||
| Source: VRK | ||||||||||||
2019 European election
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homeland Union | 245,918 | 18.60 | 3 | |
| Social Democratic Party of Lithuania | 199,217 | 17.26 | 2 | |
| Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union | 157,604 | 11.92 | 2 | |
| Labour Party | 112,964 | 8.54 | 1 | |
| Liberal Movement | 81,916 | 6.20 | 1 | |
| Public election committee "Aušra Maldeikienė's Train" | 80,703 | 6.10 | 1 | |
| "Waldemar Tomaszewski Block" - Coalition of Christian Families Alliance and Lithuanian Russian Union | 69,263 | 5.24 | 1 | |
| Lithuanian Centre Party | 64,091 | 4.85 | 0 | |
| Public election committee "President Rolandas Paksas' Movement" | 50,130 | 3.79 | 0 | |
| Public election committee "Vytautas Radžvilas: Recover the State!" | 41,860 | 3.17 | 0 | |
| Order and Justice | 34,298 | 2.59 | 0 | |
| Social Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania | 29,592 | 2.24 | 0 | |
| Lithuanian Green Party | 28,126 | 2.13 | 0 | |
| Lithuanian Freedom Union (Liberals) | 23,829 | 1.80 | 0 | |
| Public election committee "Strong Lithuania in United Europe" | 16,671 | 1.26 | 0 | |
| Public election committee "Decisive Leap" | 16,671 | 1.07 | 0 | |
| Total | 1,250,377 | 100.00 | 11 | |
Judicial branch
The judges of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas) for a single nine-year term are appointed by the Seimas from the candidates presented by the President (three judges), Chairman of Seimas (three judges) and the chairman of the Supreme Court (three judges).
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Lithuania has a three-tier administrative division: the country is divided into 10 counties (Lithuanian: singular – apskritis, plural – apskritys) that are further subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular – savivaldybė, plural – savivaldybės) which consist of over 500 elderships (Lithuanian: singular – seniūnija, plural – seniūnijos).
The county governors (Lithuanian: apskrities viršininkas) institution and county administrations have been dissolved in 2010.[23]
Municipalities are the most important administrative unit. Some municipalities are historically called "district municipalities", and thus are often shortened to "district"; others are called "city municipalities", sometimes shortened to "city". Each municipality has its own elected government. In the past, the election of municipality councils occurred once every three years, but it now takes place every four years. The council appoints elders to govern the elderships. Mayors are elected directly since 2015, being appointed by the council before that.[24]
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