The Police Act 1964 (c. 48) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that updated the legislation governing police forces in England and Wales, constituted new police authorities, gave the Home Secretary new powers to supervise local constabularies, and allowed for the amalgamation of existing forces into more efficient units.
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A Royal Commission on the Police had been appointed in 1960 under the chairmanship of Henry Willink to "review the constitutional position of the police throughout Great Britain".
The appointment of the commission followed two high-profile scandals involving borough police forces. These exposed problems in the relationship between the chief constable and watch committee of each borough, and disputes between central and local government over the control of local forces. In 1958, following a trial into police corruption in Brighton, the presiding judge stated that the judiciary could have no faith in police evidence until the chief constable had been replaced.[1] Brighton Watch Committee complained that they could not properly supervise the force, as they had no access to the annual report of Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, which was sent to the Home Secretary.[2] In 1959, the watch committee of Nottingham suspended the city's chief constable, Athelstan Popkess, when he refused to furnish a report on his investigations into alleged corruption of councillors.[3] Details of the investigation were however leaked to the press on the eve of municipal elections. The committee were subsequently forced to reinstate Popkess when the Home Secretary, Rab Butler, threatened to withdraw central government funding.[4]
Among the particular subjects for investigation by the commission were:
- The constitution and functions of police authorities
- The accountability of police officers including chief constables
- The relationship of the police to the public and procedures for dealing with complaints
- The remuneration of police constables[5]
The commission published its final report on 31 May 1962. This recommended an urgent review on the number and size of police areas. Among its recommendations were:
- No single national force was to be formed, but central government should exercise more powers over local forces
- Retention of small police forces of between 200 and 350 officers "justifiable only by special circumstances such as the distribution of the population and the geography of the area"
- The optimum size for a police force was more than 500 members, with the police area having a population of at least 250,000
- There was "a case" for single police forces for major conurbations
- A large reduction in the number of forces in Scotland was needed, to between 20 and 33
The commission noted that of 158 police forces in Great Britain, 97 had an establishment of less than 350.[6]
The Act received royal assent on 10 June 1964.[7] Among its provisions were:
- England and Wales, outside London, was to consist of "police areas". These were to be administrative counties, county boroughs or "combined police areas", consisting of combinations of counties and county boroughs.
- The Home Secretary had the power to force compulsory amalgamation schemes from 1 July 1964.
- New "police authorities" were to be established: these were to be known as watch committees (in boroughs), police committees (in counties – replacing joint standing committees) or combined police authorities.
- Police authorities were to consist of two-thirds elected members and one-third magistrates. Previously all members of watch committees had been councillors or aldermen, while county joint standing committees were fifty per cent county councillors and aldermen, fifty per cent magistrates.
- The police authorities had fewer powers than their predecessors, especially the boroughs, with the Home Secretary taking on more supervision than before. The authority were required to maintain an efficient police force, but had no operational role.
- Chief constables were given the power to appoint, direct and control special constables.
- The chief constable could appoint police cadets with the permission of the authority.
- The chief constable was required to make an annual report to the police authority.
- A police authority could also request other reports on policing in the police area.
- Police authorities were empowered to choose chief constables, deputy and assistant chief constables from a Home Office shortlist. They could also require the chief constable to retire, subject to the Home Secretary's approval.
- The Home Secretary could order a complaint against a police force to be investigated by officers of another force.
On 10 July 1964, the Home Secretary, Henry Brooke, announced he would be using his powers under the Act to amalgamate the county borough forces of Luton and Northampton with the county forces of Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire respectively.
Luton's force had only been formed on 1 April, when it became a county borough, but Mr Brooke said he did not regard the continuance of its existence as in the best interests of policing efficiency.[8] The amalgamations were vigorously, but unsuccessfully, opposed by the boroughs: Luton's campaign went as far as serving a High Court writ on the Home Secretary in an attempt to stop the merger.[9]
In the meantime, the first amalgamation under the Act took place on 1 April 1965 as the result of local government reorganisation, with the formation of the Mid Anglia Constabulary.
Following a change in government at the general election, Frank Soskice became Home Secretary. In 1965 he announced that Exeter City's force would be merged with that of Devon. In addition to the Bedfordshire/Luton, Devon/Exeter, and Northamptonshire/Northampton mergers, 1966 saw the establishment of a new West Midlands Constabulary covering the county boroughs of Dudley, Walsall, Warley, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton, which had been constituted or enlarged by local government reorganisation.
1966 amalgamation scheme
On 16 May 1966, the new Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins announced that the number of police forces in England and Wales was to be reduced from 117 to 49. Where the local authorities concerned did not agree a voluntary scheme he would make a compulsory amalgamation.
Proposed amalgamations
- Lancashire County Constabulary to merge with borough police forces of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Blackpool, Bolton, Burnley, Oldham, Rochdale, St Helens, Southport, Warrington and Wigan
- Borough forces of Manchester, Salford and Stockport to merge
- Bootle Borough Police and Liverpool City Police
- Cheshire† County Constabulary to merge with Wallasey and Birkenhead Borough Police
- Cumberland and Westmorland Constabulary † to merge with Carlisle City Police
- Durham County Constabulary to merge with Sunderland Borough Police
- The police of the new county borough of Teesside to merge with the Yorkshire North Riding Constabulary
- Sheffield City Police and Rotherham Borough Police to merge
- Amalgamation of Yorkshire West Riding Constabulary with borough police forces of Barnsley, Bradford, Dewsbury, Doncaster, Halifax, Huddersfield and Wakefield
- Yorkshire East Riding Constabulary to merge with city police of Kingston upon Hull and York
- Worcestershire, Herefordshire and Shropshire County Constabularies to merge with Worcester City Police
- Leicestershire & Rutland Constabulary† to merge with Leicester City Police
- Staffordshire County Constabulary and Stoke-on-Trent City Police
- Derbyshire County Constabulary and Derby Borough Police
- Warwickshire County Constabulary and Coventry City Police
- Lincolnshire† Constabulary, with Lincoln City Police and Grimsby Borough Police
- Nottinghamshire County Constabulary and Nottingham City Police
- Norfolk County Constabulary, Norwich City Police and Great Yarmouth Borough Police
- East Suffolk Constabulary, West Suffolk Constabulary and Ipswich Borough Police
- East Sussex Constabulary, West Sussex constabulary and the borough forces of Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings
- Essex Constabulary and Southend-on-Sea Borough Police
- Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Constabularies with Oxford City Police and Reading Borough Police
- Somerset County Constabulary and Bath City Police (voluntary scheme agreed)
- Bournemouth Borough Police and Dorset Constabulary
- Portsmouth City Police, Southampton City Police and Hampshire & Isle of Wight Constabulary †
- Cornwall Constabulary, Devon & Exeter Police† and Plymouth City Police
- Denbighshire, Flintshire and Gwynedd† Constabularies
- Glamorgan Constabularies with Merthyr Tydfil, Cardiff and Swansea borough forces
- Pembrokeshire, Cardiganshire & Carmarthenshire† and Mid Wales† Constabularies
- Monmouthshire Constabulary and Newport Borough Police
- It was also envisaged that the forces of Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne, South Shields and Tynemouth would be combined into a single Tyneside force if the recommendations of the Local Government Commission for England were carried into effect.[10]
† Existing combined force
Amalgamations carried out
The amalgamations carried out under the Act differed slightly from the original scheme announced in 1966. In Yorkshire, The North and East Riding constabularies were combined with York City Police, while the borough forces of Hull and Teesside were allowed to continue unmerged. Stockport Borough Police were amalgamated with the Cheshire Constabulary instead of with Manchester and Salford, and the scheme for a Tyneside force was dropped when the Local Government Commission's recommendations were not carried out. Instead Northumberland Constabulary was merged with the two county boroughs north of the Tyne, and Durham Constabulary absorbed those on south Tyneside.
More information Date, New force ...
| Date |
New force |
Old forces |
|---|
| 1 April 1965[note 1] |
Mid Anglia Constabulary |
Cambridgeshire Constabulary, Cambridge City Police, Huntingdonshire Constabulary, Isle of Ely Constabulary, Peterborough Combined Police |
| 1 April 1966 |
Bedfordshire and Luton Constabulary |
Bedfordshire, Luton Borough Police |
| 1 April 1966 |
Northampton and County Constabulary |
Northamptonshire, Northampton Borough Police |
| 1 April 1966 |
West Midlands Constabulary |
Dudley Borough Police, Walsall Borough Police, Wolverhampton Borough Police;
also areas from Staffordshire Constabulary, Worcestershire Constabulary. |
| 1 October 1966 |
Devon and Exeter Police |
Devon Constabulary, Exeter City Police |
| 1 January 1967 |
Somerset and Bath Constabulary |
Somerset Constabulary, Bath City Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Cumbria Constabulary |
Cumberland and Westmorland Constabulary, Carlisle City Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Derby County and Borough Constabulary |
Derbyshire Constabulary, Derby Borough Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Devon and Cornwall Constabulary |
Devon and Exeter Police, Plymouth City Police, Cornwall Constabulary |
| 1 April 1967 |
Durham County Constabulary |
Durham County, Sunderland Borough Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Gwent Constabulary |
Newport Borough Police, Monmouthshire Constabulary |
| 1 April 1967 |
Hampshire Constabulary |
Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary, Portsmouth City Police, Southampton City Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Leicester and Rutland Constabulary |
Leicestershire and Rutland Constabulary, Leicester City Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Lincolnshire Constabulary |
Lincolnshire, Grimsby Borough Police, Lincoln City Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Liverpool and Bootle Constabulary |
Liverpool City Police, Bootle Borough Police |
| 1 April 1967 |
Suffolk Constabulary |
East Suffolk Constabulary, West Suffolk Constabulary, Ipswich Borough Police |
| 1 June 1967 |
South Wales Constabulary |
Glamorgan Constabulary, Cardiff City Police, Merthyr Tydfil Borough Police, Swansea Borough Police |
| 1 June 1967 |
Sheffield and Rotherham Constabulary |
Sheffield City Police, Rotherham Borough Police |
| 1 July 1967 |
Cheshire Constabulary |
Cheshire, Birkenhead Borough Police, Stockport Borough Police, Wallasey Borough Police |
| 1 October 1967 |
Dorset and Bournemouth Constabulary |
Dorset Constabulary, Bournemouth Borough Police |
| 1 October 1967 |
Gwynedd Constabulary |
Gwynedd Constabulary, Denbighshire Constabulary, Flintshire Constabulary |
| 1 October 1967 |
West Mercia Constabulary |
Herefordshire Constabulary, Shropshire Constabulary, Worcestershire Constabulary, Worcester City Police |
| 1 January 1968 |
Norfolk Joint Police |
Norfolk Constabulary, Great Yarmouth Borough Police, Norwich City Police |
| 1 January 1968 |
Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Constabulary |
Staffordshire Constabulary, Stoke-on-Trent City Police |
| 1 January 1968 |
Sussex Constabulary |
East Sussex Constabulary, West Sussex Constabulary, Brighton Borough Police, Eastbourne Borough Police, Hastings Borough Police |
| 1 April 1968 |
Dyfed-Powys Constabulary |
Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire Constabulary, Mid Wales Constabulary, Pembrokeshire Constabulary |
| 1 April 1968 |
Nottinghamshire Combined Constabulary |
Nottinghamshire Constabulary, Nottingham City Police |
| 1 April 1968 |
Teesside Constabulary‡ |
Middlesbrough Borough Police, parts of the areas of North Riding Constabulary and Durham County Constabulary |
| 1 April 1968 |
Thames Valley Constabulary |
Berkshire Constabulary, Buckinghamshire Constabulary, Oxfordshire Constabulary, Oxford City Police, Reading Borough Police |
| 1 June 1968 |
Manchester and Salford Police |
Manchester City Police, Salford City Police |
| 1 July 1968 |
York and North East Yorkshire Police |
East Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary, North Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary, York City Police |
| 1 October 1968 |
Durham County Constabulary |
Durham County, Gateshead Borough Police, South Shields Borough Police |
| 1 October 1968 |
West Yorkshire Constabulary |
West Riding Constabulary, Barnsley Borough Police, Dewsbury Borough Police, Doncaster Borough Police, Halifax Borough Police, Huddersfield Borough Police, Wakefield City Police. |
| 1 April 1969 |
Essex and Southend-on-Sea Joint Constabulary |
Essex Constabulary, Southend-on-Sea Borough Police |
| 1 April 1969 |
Lancashire Constabulary |
Lancashire, Barrow-in-Furness Borough Police, Blackburn Borough Police, Blackpool Borough Police, Bolton Borough Police, Burnley Borough Police, Bury Borough Police, Oldham Borough Police, Preston Borough Police, Rochdale Borough Police, St Helens Borough Police, Southport Borough Police, Warrington Borough Police, Wigan Borough Police |
| 1 April 1969 |
Northumberland Constabulary |
Northumberland Constabulary, Newcastle upon Tyne Borough Police, Tynemouth Borough Police |
| 1969 |
Warwickshire and Coventry Constabulary |
Warwickshire Constabulary, Coventry City Police |
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‡ New county borough
Police areas unaffected by amalgamations
The following territorial police forces were not subject to amalgamations under the 1964 Act:
- In Greater London: The Metropolitan Police, City of London Police
- County constabularies: Hertfordshire, Surrey, Wiltshire
- Combined constabularies: Gloucestershire, Kent
- Borough/City forces: Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Kingston-upon-Hull, Leeds
Several of the amalgamated forces formed under the 1964 Act had short existences, as a wholesale reorganisation of local government in England and Wales outside London was carried out in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. Police areas were realigned to correspond to one or more of the non-metropolitan or metropolitan counties created by the 1972 legislation. The sections on the composition of police authorities were repealed by the Police and Magistrates' Courts Act 1994, and new authorities constituted.
"Police need of "leader" – Judge's fear for Brighton force". The Times. 7 March 1958.
"Suspension of Police Chief". The Times. 10 July 1959.
"Captain Popkess To Resume on Monday". The Times. 8 August 1959.
"Royal commission reject national police force". The Times. 1 June 1962.
"Dates for Police Act changes". The Times. 19 June 1964.
"2 boroughs to lose police forces". The Times. 11 July 1964.
"Luton writ against Home Secretary". The Times. 22 December 1965.
"70 police forces to be axed in mergers". The Times. 19 May 1966.
