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Group of fungi-like protists From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The plasmodiophores[1] (also known as plasmophorids[2] or plasmodiophorids[3]) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa.[4] Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids.[5]
| Plasmodiophores | |
|---|---|
| |
| "Plasmodiophoraceae" 1960 illustration. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Rhizaria |
| Phylum: | Endomyxa |
| Class: | Phytomyxea |
| Order: | Plasmodiophorida Cook, 1928 |
| Family: | Plasmodiophoridae Zopf, 1884 |
| Type genus | |
| Plasmodiophora M. Woronin, 1877 | |
| Genera | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
Plasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms, but mainly green plants. The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot, powdery scab and crook root of watercress,[6] or vectors for viruses that infect beets, peanut, monocots and potatoes, such as the potato mop-top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus.[7][8]
The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera Plasmodiophora and Tetramyxa in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division Myxomycetes. The family was renamed “Plasmodiophoraceae” in 1888 by Berlese.[9] In 1892, Engler placed the family in its own class “Plasmodiophorales”, later renamed “Plasmodiophoromycetes” to fit nomenclature standards.[10]
In 1969 Whittaker, in his five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi.[1]
In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class, Phytomyxea, as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa, which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates, opalines and proteomyxids.[11] Eventually this phylum was discarded, and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines, bicosoecids and related organisms.[12]
Finally, after phylogenetic analyses, in 2002 Cavalier-Smith placed all Phytomyxea, including plasmodiophores, in the subphylum Endomyxa, inside the rhizarian phylum Cercozoa.[13][14]
The number of genera varies between sources. There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register: Plasmodiophora, Spongospora and Tetramyxa.[15] Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources:[3][16][17]
These genera were once considered plasmodiophores[20] until they were excluded:[17]
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