Plasmodiophore
Group of fungi-like protists From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The plasmodiophores[1] (also known as plasmophorids[2] or plasmodiophorids[3]) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa.[4] Taxonomically, they are united under a single family Plasmodiophoridae, order Plasmodiophorida, sister to the phagomyxids.[5]
| Plasmodiophores | |
|---|---|
| |
| "Plasmodiophoraceae" 1960 illustration. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Rhizaria |
| Phylum: | Endomyxa |
| Class: | Phytomyxea |
| Order: | Plasmodiophorida Cook, 1928 |
| Family: | Plasmodiophoridae Zopf, 1884 |
| Type genus | |
| Plasmodiophora M. Woronin, 1877 | |
| Genera | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
Ecology and pathology
Plasmodiophores are pathogenic for a wide range of organisms, but mainly green plants. The more commonly recognized are agents of plant diseases such as clubroot, powdery scab and crook root of watercress,[6] or vectors for viruses that infect beets, peanut, monocots and potatoes, such as the potato mop-top virus or the beet necrotic yellow vein virus.[7][8]
Taxonomy
Summarize
Perspective
History
The plasmodiophores have historically been regarded as Fungi. The first description of plasmodiophores as a taxonomic group was in 1885 by Zopf, who united two genera Plasmodiophora and Tetramyxa in a common family “Plasmodiophoreæ”, inside the group “Monadineæ”, as part of the division Myxomycetes. The family was renamed “Plasmodiophoraceae” in 1888 by Berlese.[9] In 1892, Engler placed the family in its own class “Plasmodiophorales”, later renamed “Plasmodiophoromycetes” to fit nomenclature standards.[10]
In 1969 Whittaker, in his five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi.[1]
In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included the plasmodiophores and their sister group Phagomyxida in their current class, Phytomyxea, as part of a polyphyletic phylum called Opalozoa, which at the time contained a diverse assemblage of unrelated zooflagellates, opalines and proteomyxids.[11] Eventually this phylum was discarded, and the name Opalozoa was modified to label a group inside the phylum Bigyra containing the opalines, bicosoecids and related organisms.[12]
Finally, after phylogenetic analyses, in 2002 Cavalier-Smith placed all Phytomyxea, including plasmodiophores, in the subphylum Endomyxa, inside the rhizarian phylum Cercozoa.[13][14]
Classification
The number of genera varies between sources. There are three accepted genera in the group according to the WoRMS register: Plasmodiophora, Spongospora and Tetramyxa.[15] Below is a complete list with genera that are not included in the register but appear in relevant sources:[3][16][17]
- Ligniera R. Maire & A. Tison 1911 (=Anisomyxa Nemec 1913; Rhizomyxa Borzí 1884; Sorolpidium B. Nĕmec 1911)
- Membranosorus C.H. Ostenfeld & H.E. Petersen 1930
- Octomyxa J.N. Couch J. Leitner & A. Whiffen 1939
- Ostenfeldiella Ferdinandsen & Winge 1914[18]
- Polymyxa G.A. Ledingham 1939
- Plasmodiophora Woronin 1877
- Pseudoligniera Hittorf et al. 2020[18]
- Sorodiscus G. Lagerheim & Ø. Winge 1912
- Sorosphaerula J. Schröt. 1886 (as Sorosphaera) nom. nov. Neuhauser & Kirchmair 2011[19] (=Tuburcinia E.M. Fries; Sorosporium F. Rudolphi 1829)
- Spongospora Brunch. 1887 (=Clathrosorus C. Ferdinandson & Ö. Winge 1920)
- Hillenburgia Hittorf et al. 2020[18]
- Tetramyxa K. Goebel 1884 (=Molliardia R. Maire & A. Tison 1911; Thecaphora W. A. Setchell 1924)
- Woronina Cornu 1872
These genera were once considered plasmodiophores[20] until they were excluded:[17]
- Cystospora J.E. Elliott 1916 – possibly a physiological symptom.
- Frankiella Maire & A. Tison 1909 – synonym of the bacteria Frankia.
- Peltomyces L. Léger 1909 – excluded as unclassifiable.
- Pyrrhosorus H. O. Juel 1901 – considered Labyrinthulida incertae sedis.[21]
- Sporomyxa L. Léger 1907 – excluded as unclassifiable.
- Trematophlyctis Patouillard 1918 – a chytrid fungus.[22]
References
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