Phenacodus

Phenacodus (Greek: "deception" (phenax), "tooth' (odus)^[2]) is an extinct genus of mammals from the late Paleocene through middle Eocene, about 55 million years ago. It is one of the earliest and most primitive of the ungulates, typifying the family Phenacodontidae and the order Perissodactyla.^{[citation needed]}

Phenacodus Temporal range: Late Paleocene–Middle Eocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
P. primaevus at the AMNH, collected from Bighorn Basin, Wyoming.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Family:	†Phenacodontidae
Subfamily:	†Phenacodontinae
Genus:	†Phenacodus Cope, 1873
Species[1]
†P. bisonensis †P. condali †P. grangeri †P. intermedius †P. lemoinei †P. magnus †P. matthewi †P. primaevus (type species) †P. teilhardi †P. trilobatus †P. vortmani
Synonyms
Trispondylus Cope, 1884

Description

P. primaevus, closeup of skull.

Phenacodus intermedius reached 10 to 39 kg (22 to 86 lb), while P. trilobatus is estimated at 22 to 87 kg (49 to 192 lb).^[3] The typical Phenacodus primaevus was a relatively small ungulate about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long and weighed up to 56 kg (123 lb), of slight build, with straight limbs each terminating in five complete toes, and walking in the digitigrade fashion of the modern horse.^[4][5] The middle toe was the largest, and the weight of the body was mainly supported on this and the two adjoining digits, which appear to have been encased in hooves, foreshadowing the tridactyl type common in perissodactyls and certain extinct groups of ungulates. The skull was small, with proportionately minute brain; and the arched back, strong lumbar vertebrae, long and powerful tail, and comparatively feeble fore-quarters all proclaim kinship with the primitive carnivores Creodonta. All the bones of the limbs are separate, and those of the carpus and tarsus do not alternate - each one in the upper row is placed immediately above the corresponding one in the row below. The full series of forty-four teeth was developed; and the upper molars were short-crowned, or brachyodont, with six low cusps, two internal, two intermediate and two external, so that they were of the typical primitive bunodont structure.^{[citation needed]}

In habits, the animal was cursorial and herbivorous, or possibly carnivorous. In the early Paleocene of North America, the place of the above species was taken by Tetraclaenodon puercensis, an animal only half the size of P. primaevus, with the terminal joints of the limbs intermediate between hoofs and claws, and the first and fifth toes taking their full share in the support of the weight of the body. These two genera may be regarded as forming the earliest stages in the evolution of the horse, coming below Hyracotherium (see Equidae). As ancestors of the artiodactyl section of the Ungulata, we may look to forms more or less closely related to the North American Lower Eocene genus Mioclaenus, typifying the family Mioclaenidae. The species of Mioclaenus were five-toed, bunodont Condylarthra, with a decided approximation to the perissodactyl type in the structure of the feet. A second type of Condylarthra from the North American Lower Eocene is represented by the family Meniscotheriidae, including the genus Meniscotherium.^{[citation needed]}

A 2014 cladistic analysis places both Phenacodus and Meniscotherium within stem perissodactyls.^[6]

Teeth and jaws probably referable to the Condylarthra have been obtained in European early Tertiary formations. All Ungulata probably originated from Condylarthra.^{[citation needed]}

Phylogeny

Cladogram after Gelfo and Sigé, 2011:^[7]

	Protungulatum Phenacodus Kollpaniinae Simoclaenus Molinodus Tiuclaenus Andinodus Pucanodus Didolodontidae Paulacoutoia Lamegoia Paulogervaisia Didolodus Ernestokokenia Escribania chubutensis Escribania talonicuspis Raulvaccia Umayodus

Gallery

• 
  Restoration by Charles R. Knight
• 
  Skeleton of Phenacodus primaevus
• 
  Restoration by Heinrich Harder
• 
  Comparison of P. primaevus with a human

References

1. Thewissen, J.G.M. (1990). "Evolution of Paleocene and Eocene Phenacodontidae". University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology. 29: 1–107.
2. "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
3. Dirks W.; Anemone R. L.; Holroyd P. A.; Reid D. J. (2009). "Phylogeny, Life History and the Timing of Molar Crown Formation in Two Archaic Ungulates, Meniscotherium and Phenacodus (Mammalia, 'Condylarthra')". Comparative Dental Morphology. Frontiers of Oral Biology. 13: 3–8. doi:10.1159/000242381. ISBN 978-3-8055-9229-1. PMID 19828961.
4. T. S. Kemp (November 4, 2004). The Origin and Evolution of Mammals. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 237. ISBN 9780191545177. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
5. Jerison, Harry J (December 2007). "What Fossils Tell Us about the Evolution of the Neocortex" (PDF). Evolution of Nervous Systems: 1–12. doi:10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00065-3. ISBN 9780123708786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-20.
6. Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2014-10-08). "Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e109232. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j9232C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232. PMC 4189980. PMID 25295875.
7. Javier N. Gelfo and Bernard Sigé (2011). "A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene–earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 665–678. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0067.

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Phenacodus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 364.

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