Phanerochaete is a genus of crust fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae .
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The genus was circumscribed by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1889.[2] Marinus Anton Donk redefined the limits of the genus in two publications in 1957 and 1962.[3] [4] Phanerochaete has traditionally been delimited based on the overall morphology of the fruit body , as well as microscopic characteristics including the nature of the hyphal structure, cystidia , and spores . Molecular analyses demonstrate that the genus is polyphyletic , containing members placed throughout the phlebioid clade of the Polyporales .[5] [6]
The genus name is derived from the Greek words φανεφός ("distinct") and χαίτη ("hair").[3]
Phanerochaete species have membranaceous, crust-like fruit bodies . The hyphal system is monomitic, with simple-septate generative hyphae; single or multiple clamps may be present in the subiculum. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped and smooth. Spores of the genus are thin-walled, inamyloid , hyaline , and have a cylindrical to ellipsoidal shape. Phanerochaete species cause white rot on both conifers and hardwoods .[5]
Phanerochaete includes white rot fungi that are able to degrade the woody polymer lignin to carbon dioxide . This is achieved, in part, by lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases . These peroxidases are also able to mediate oxidation of a wide variety of organic pollutants . The genome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was sequenced and shows the genetic potential to make over 100 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases .[7] White rot fungi have been used in bioremediation efforts to break down potentially harmful chemicals in soil and in water.[8] For example, phenol-formaldehyde is degraded by P. chrysosporium ,[9] while P. sordida breaks down the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin .[10]
As of December 2016 [ update] , Index Fungorum accepts 92 species of Phanerochaete :[11]
Phanerochaete aculeata Hallenb. (1978)
Phanerochaete affinis (Burt) Parmasto (1968)
Phanerochaete alba Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) [12] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete albida Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete allantospora Burds. & Gilb. (1974) [13]
Phanerochaete alnea (Fr.) P.Karst. (1889)
Phanerochaete aluticolor (Bres. & Torrend) Melo, J.Cardoso, M.Dueñas, Salcedo & Tellería (2012)
Phanerochaete andreae Burds., Beltrán-Tej. & Rodr.-Armas (1995) [14]
Phanerochaete angustocystidiata Sheng H.Wu (2000) [15] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete arenata (P.H.B.Talbot) Jülich (1979)
Phanerochaete areolata (G.Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1990)
Phanerochaete argillacea Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete arizonica Burds. & Gilb. (1974) [13]
Phanerochaete aurantiobadia Ghobad-Nejhad, S.L.Liu & E.Langer (2015) [17]
Phanerochaete australis Jülich (1980)
Phanerochaete avellanea (Bres.) J.Erikss. & Hjortstam (1981)
Phanerochaete bambucicola Sheng H.Wu (2018) [18]
Phanerochaete binucleospordida Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles (1993)
Phanerochaete brunnea Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete bubalina Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete burtii (Romell ex Burt) Parmasto (1967)
Phanerochaete cacaina (Bourdot & Galzin) Burds. & Gilb. (1974) [13]
Phanerochaete cana (Burt) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete capitata Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete carnosa (Burt) Parmasto (1967)
Phanerochaete caucasica (Parmasto) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete citri A.B.De (1991) [19] – India
Phanerochaete citrinosanguinea D.Floudas & Hibbett (2015) [6]
Phanerochaete commixtoides Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990)
Phanerochaete conifericola D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) [6]
Phanerochaete cordylines (G.Cunn.) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete cremeo-ochracea (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam (1987)
Phanerochaete crescentispora Gilb. & Hemmes (2001)
Phanerochaete cryptocystidiata Nakasone (2008)
Phanerochaete deflectens (P.Karst.) Hjortstam (1987)
Phanerochaete eburnea Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete eichleriana Bres. (1903) [20]
Phanerochaete emplastra (Berk. & Broome) Hjortstam (1989)
Phanerochaete exigua (Burt) Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge (1998)
Phanerochaete exilis (Burt) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete flava (Burt) Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge (1998)
Phanerochaete flavidogrisea Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete flavocarnea (Petch) Hjortstam (1995)
Phanerochaete fulva Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete furfuraceovelutinus (Rick) Rajchenb. (1987)
Phanerochaete globosa Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) [12] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete granulata Sheng H.Wu (2007)
Phanerochaete hiulca (Burt) A.L.Welden (1980)
Phanerochaete hyphocystidiata Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete incarnata Sheng H.Wu (2017) [18] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete incrustans (Speg.) Rajchenb. & J.E.Wright (1987)
Phanerochaete infuscata Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2004) [21]
Phanerochaete intertexta Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete investiens (Berk.) P.Roberts (2009)
Phanerochaete jose-ferreirae (D.A.Reid) D.A.Reid (1975)
Phanerochaete laevis (Fr.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978)
Phanerochaete leptoderma Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete lutea (Sheng H.Wu) Hjortstam (1995)
Phanerochaete luteoaurantiaca (Wakef.) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete macrocystidiata Hallenb. (1978)
Phanerochaete martelliana (Bres.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978)
Phanerochaete mauiensis Gilb. & Adask. (1993)
Phanerochaete odontoidea Sheng H.Wu (2000) [15] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete oreophila Gilb. & Hemmes (2004)
Phanerochaete pallida Parmasto (1967)
Phanerochaete parmastoi Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete parvispora Sheng H.Wu & Losi (1995) [22] – Europe
Phanerochaete percitrina P.Roberts & Hjortstam (2000) [23] – Africa
Phanerochaete phosphorescens (Burt) A.L.Welden (1980)
Phanerochaete porostereoides S.L.Liu & S.H.He (2016) [24] – China
Phanerochaete pseudosanguinea D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) [6]
Phanerochaete queletii (Bres.) Nakasone (2008)
Phanerochaete radulans Hallenb. (1978) [25]
Phanerochaete reflexa Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete rhodella (Peck) D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) [6]
Phanerochaete robusta Parmasto (1968)
Phanerochaete rubescens Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete sacchari (Burt) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete salmoneolutea Burds. & Gilb. (1974) [13]
Phanerochaete sanguineocarnosa D.Floudas & Hibbett (2015) [6]
Phanerochaete sanwicensis Gilb. & Hemmes (2004)
Phanerochaete sordida (P.Karst.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978)
P. sordida
Phanerochaete stereoides Sheng H.Wu (1995)
Phanerochaete suballantoidea Sheng H.Wu (1998) [16] – Taiwan
Phanerochaete subceracea (Burt) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete subcrassispora P.Roberts & Hjortstam (2009)
Phanerochaete subglobosa Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete subiculosa (Burt) Burds. (1985)
Phanerochaete taiwaniana Sheng H.Wu (1990)
Phanerochaete tamariciphila Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles (1993)
Phanerochaete thailandica Kout & Sádlíková (2017) [26] – Thailand
Phanerochaete tropica (Sheng H.Wu) Hjortstam (1995)
Phanerochaete tuberculascens Hjortstam (2000) [27]
Phanerochaete tuberculata (P.Karst.) Parmasto (1968)
Phanerochaete velutina (DC.) P.Karst. (1898)
Phanerochaete vesiculosa S.Martínez & Nakasone (2005) [28] – Uruguay
Phanerochaete xerophila Burds. (1985) [29]
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