Peabody is a surname, and may refer to:
- Arthur Peabody (1858–1942), Campus architect for the University of Wisconsin from 1905 to 1915 and the state architect of Wisconsin from 1915 to 1938.
- Charles S. Peabody (1880-1935), American architect. Partner of Ludlow and Peabody.
- Dave Peabody (born 1948), English singer-songwriter, blues and folk musician, record producer and photographer
- Dwight Peabody (1894–1972), American football player
- Elizabeth Peabody (1804–1894), American educator
- Endicott Peabody (educator) (1857–1944), American Episcopal priest and founder of the Groton School for Boys
- Francis Greenwood Peabody (1847–1936), American minister and Harvard professor
- Frank Elmer Peabody (1914–1958), American paleontologist
- F. H. Peabody (fl. 1870s), American former vice-president (1874-1877) and director (1870-1879) of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway company (1874-1877), the city of Peabody, Kansas is named in his honor[1]
- Francis S. Peabody (1858–1922), American businessman, founder of Peabody Energy as Peabody Coal in 1883
- George Peabody (1795–1869), American entrepreneur, London-based banker and philanthropist who founded the Peabody Institute, Museums, and Trust
- George Foster Peabody (1852–1938), American Southern banker and philanthropist for whom the Peabody Award is named
- James Hamilton Peabody (1852–1917), American politician, twice governor of Colorado (1903-1905 & 1905)
- Joseph Peabody (1757-1844), American shipowner and merchant of Salem, Massachusetts
- Lucy Whitehead McGill Waterbury Peabody (1861–1949), American Baptist missionary
- Nathaniel Peabody (1741–1823), American physician, Continental Congressman, state representative, and senator for New Hampshire
- Nathaniel Peabody (Boston) (1774–1855), American Boston Brahmin, father of Elizabeth Palmer, Mary Tyler, Sophia Amelia
- Raymond A. Peabody (1883-1973), American politician
- Richard R. Peabody (1892-1936), American author of The Common Sense of Drinking, a major influence on Alcoholics Anonymous founder Bill Wilson
- Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (1809-1871), American painter and illustrator, wife of author Nathaniel Hawthorne