Pawaia language

Pawaia, also known as Sira, Tudahwe, Yasa, is a Papuan language that forms a tentative independent branch of the Trans–New Guinea family in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005).

Pawaia
Region	Papua New Guinea
Native speakers	6,000 (2000)[1]
Language family	Papuan Gulf ? Teberan–Pawaian[2] Pawaia
Dialects	Aurama (Turoha, Uri) Hauruha
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pwa
Glottolog	pawa1255
ELP	Pawaia
Map: The Pawaia language of New Guinea   The Pawaia language   Trans–New Guinea languages   Other Papuan languages   Austronesian languages   Uninhabited

Distribution

Pawaia is spoken in:^[1]

• Chimbu Province: Karimui District
• Eastern Highlands Province: Lufa District and Okapa District, Lamari River
• Gulf Province: Baimuru Rural LLG, Purari River near Oroi^[3]

Classification

Although Pawaia has reflexes of proto-Trans–New Guinea vocabulary, Ross considers its inclusion questionable on available evidence. Usher classifies it instead with the Teberan languages. Noting insufficient evidence, Pawley and Hammarström (2018) leave it as unclassified rather than as part of Trans-New Guinea.^[4]

Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not consider there to be sufficient evidence for Pawaia to be classified as part of Trans-New Guinea, though they do note the following lexical resemblances between Pawaia and proto-Trans-New Guinea.^[4]

• emi ‘breast’ < *amu
• in ‘tree’ < *inda
• su ‘tooth’ < *(s,t)i(s,t)i

Phonology

Consonants^[5]

	Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal
Plosive	p	t	k
Fricative		s	h
Nasal	m	n
Approximant	w	l	j

Vowels^[5]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i ĩ		u ũ
Mid	e ẽ		o õ
Low		a ã	ɔ ɔ̃

Pawaia is also tonal, contrasting high and low tone.^[5]

Vocabulary

The following basic vocabulary words are from Macdonald (1973)^[6] and Trefry (1969),^[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:^[7]

gloss	Pawaia
head	mu
hair	muse; sị
ear	nȩᶦ; nɛ̣i
eye	to; toᵘ
nose	ho; họ
tooth	su
tongue	ha̧pi; hɛmina
leg	hɛ; si̧ʔi̧
louse	po; poř
dog	hạ; hɛ̧
pig	ya
bird	deř; ge
egg	ge džu; yo
blood	sɛni; su̧
bone	džɛmɛ; yɛmi
skin	hɛʔȩ; hɛi
breast	ɛmi
tree	i̧; in
man	džʌʔla; yala
woman	oi; u
sun	ol; olsuɛ; sia
moon	we; wɛ
water	sa
fire	sia
stone	tobu; topu
road, path	sụ
name	hɛʔɛpi; hopi
eat	hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ
one	pɛʔɛmi; pomi
two	naʔau; nau

Further reading

• Trefry, David. 1969. A Comparative Study of Kuman and Pawaian. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

References

1. Pawaia at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
2. New Guinea World, Tua River
3. Oroi is next to Kaiau and is located in Central Province, Papua New Guinea.
4. Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
5. Trefry, D. A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian. B-13, vi + 99 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1969. doi:10.15144/PL-B13
6. Macdonald, G.E. "The Teberan Language Family". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:111-148. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144/PL-C26.111
7. Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

• Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

External links

• Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Pawaia