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Taxonomic grouping of winged insects without a certain form of wing-folding From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The name Palaeoptera (from Greek παλαιός (palaiós 'old') + πτερόν (pterón 'wing')) has been traditionally applied to those ancestral groups of winged insects (most of them extinct) that lacked the ability to fold the wings back over the abdomen as characterizes the Neoptera. The Diaphanopterodea, which are palaeopteran insects, had independently and uniquely evolved a different wing-folding mechanism. Both mayflies and dragonflies lack any of the smell centers in their brain found in Neoptera.[2]
| Palaeoptera Temporal range: Carboniferous - present | |
|---|---|
| |
| The Green Drake (Ephemera danica), a mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Subclass: | Pterygota |
| Division: | Palaeoptera Martynov, 1923 |
| Superorders | |
| |
The complexities of the wing-folding mechanism, as well as the mechanical operation of the wings in flight (indirect flight muscles), are such that it indicates that Neoptera is a monophyletic lineage. The plesiomorphic absence of wing-folding does not necessarily mean the Palaeoptera form a natural group – they may be an assemblage containing all insects, closely related or not, that "are not Neoptera", an example of a wastebasket taxon. If the extinct lineages are taken into account, it is likely that the concept of Palaeoptera will eventually be discarded or changed in content to more accurately reflect insect evolution.
In any case, three main palaeopteran lineages, traditionally treated as superorders, are recognized. Of these, the Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might be a paraphyletic assemblage of basal Pterygota, too. As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups – Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) – to the Neoptera has not yet been resolved; there are three main competing hypotheses with many variations. In two of these – those that treat the ephemeropteran or the odonatan lineage as closer to the Neoptera than to the other "palaeopterans" – the Palaeoptera appear to be paraphyletic.[3]
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