PTPRD

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the PTPRD gene.^[5][6][7]

PTPRD
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1X5Z, 2DLH, 2YD6, 2YD7, 4RCA
Identifiers
Aliases	PTPRD, HPTP, HPTPD, HPTPDELTA, PTPD, RPTPDELTA, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D, R-PTP-delta
External IDs	OMIM: 601598; MGI: 97812; HomoloGene: 88669; GeneCards: PTPRD; OMA:PTPRD - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 9 (human)[1] Band 9p24.1-p23 Start 8,314,246 bp[1] End 10,613,002 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse)[2] Band 4 C3|4 36.94 cM Start 75,941,238 bp[2] End 78,211,961 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right hemisphere of cerebellum C1 segment ganglionic eminence Brodmann area 9 prefrontal cortex right frontal lobe anterior cingulate cortex Descending thoracic aorta rectum hypothalamus Top expressed in saccule internal carotid artery external carotid artery facial motor nucleus anterior horn of spinal cord body of femur barrel cortex lateral geniculate nucleus substantia nigra epithelium of lens More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity phosphoprotein phosphatase activity protein tyrosine phosphatase activity hydrolase activity signaling receptor binding cell adhesion molecule binding phosphatase activity protein binding Cellular component extracellular exosome membrane integral component of membrane integral component of plasma membrane plasma membrane glutamatergic synapse Biological process presynaptic membrane assembly transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway neuron differentiation positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis protein dephosphorylation phosphate-containing compound metabolic process heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules dephosphorylation peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation positive regulation of synapse assembly regulation of postsynaptic density assembly trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex synaptic membrane adhesion regulation of presynapse assembly Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5789 19266 Ensembl ENSG00000153707 ENSG00000282932 ENSMUSG00000028399 UniProt P23468 Q3KPI9 Q64487 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001040712 NM_001171025 NM_002839 NM_130391 NM_130392 NM_130393 NM_001377946 NM_001377947 NM_001377958 NM_001378058 NM_001014288 NM_011211 NM_001352628 NM_001352629 NM_001352630 NM_001368991 NM_001368992 NM_001368993 RefSeq (protein) NP_001035802 NP_001164496 NP_002830 NP_569075 NP_569076 NP_569077 NP_001364875 NP_001364876 NP_001364887 NP_001364987 NP_569077.2 NP_035341 NP_001339557 NP_001339558 NP_001339559 NP_001355920 NP_001355921 NP_001355922 Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 8.31 – 10.61 Mb Chr 4: 75.94 – 78.21 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains an extracellular region, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains, thus represents a receptor-type PTP. The extracellular region of this protein is composed of three Ig-like and eight fibronectin type III-like domains. Studies of the similar genes in chick and fly suggest the role of this PTP is in promoting neurite growth, and regulating neurons axon guidance. Multiple tissue specific alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported.^[7]

Ligand binding

PTPRD is the orexigenic receptor of asprosin, a hormone that is produced by the C-terminal cleavage of profibrillin from the FBN1 gene.^[8] In mice, asprosin acts on an olfactory receptor, Olfr734 in the liver to regulate its gluconeogenic effects.^[9] However, PTPRD has been identified as the neural receptor for asprosin. Genetic ablation of PTPRD results in extreme leanness and loss of appetite. More specifically, resistance to diet-induced obesity can occur through the loss of PTPRD in AgRP neurons.  When asprosin binds to PTPRD, this leads to the de-phosphorylation and de-activation of Stat3.^[8]

Clinical significance

PTPRD is highly expressed throughout the entire brain, especially in the cerebellum and cerebellar hemisphere. PTPRD is also highly expressed in the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the ovaries. Mutations in the PTPRD gene are also associated with autism,^[10] obsessive–compulsive disorder,^[11] and breast cancer.^[12]

Interactions

PTPRD has been shown to interact with PTPRS^[13] and liprin-alpha-1.^[14]

References

1. ENSG00000282932 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000153707, ENSG00000282932 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028399 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Pulido R, Krueger NX, Serra-Pagès C, Saito H, Streuli M (March 1995). "Molecular characterization of the human transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase delta. Evidence for tissue-specific expression of alternative human transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase delta isoforms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (12): 6722–6728. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.12.6722. PMID 7896816.
6. Mizuno K, Hasegawa K, Katagiri T, Ogimoto M, Ichikawa T, Yakura H (September 1993). "MPTP delta, a putative murine homolog of HPTP delta, is expressed in specialized regions of the brain and in the B-cell lineage". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 13 (9): 5513–5523. doi:10.1128/MCB.13.9.5513. PMC 360267. PMID 8355697.
7. "Entrez Gene: PTPRD protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D".
8. Mishra I, Xie WR, Bournat JC, He Y, Wang C, Silva ES, et al. (April 2022). "Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ serves as the orexigenic asprosin receptor". Cell Metabolism. 34 (4): 549–563.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.012. PMC 8986618. PMID 35298903.
9. Li E, Shan H, Chen L, Long A, Zhang Y, Liu Y, et al. (August 2019). "OLFR734 Mediates Glucose Metabolism as a Receptor of Asprosin". Cell Metabolism. 30 (2): 319–328.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.022. PMID 31230984. S2CID 195327523.
10. Lei N, et al. (2010). "Autism Is Associated with Inherited Deletions in PTPRD and NCAM2". PAS 2010; Abstract 2320.1. Pediatric Academic Societies. Archived from the original on 2010-05-07. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
11. "OCD: New Genetic Marker Reported". 2014-06-07. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
12. Koboldt DC, Fulton RS, McLellan MD, Schmidt H, Kalicki-Veizer J, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (October 2012). "Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours". Nature. 490 (7418): 61–70. Bibcode:2012Natur.490...61T. doi:10.1038/nature11412. PMC 3465532. PMID 23000897.
13. Wallace MJ, Fladd C, Batt J, Rotin D (May 1998). "The second catalytic domain of protein tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTP delta) binds to and inhibits the first catalytic domain of PTP sigma". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (5): 2608–2616. doi:10.1128/MCB.18.5.2608. PMC 110640. PMID 9566880.
14. Pulido R, Serra-Pagès C, Tang M, Streuli M (December 1995). "The LAR/PTP delta/PTP sigma subfamily of transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatases: multiple human LAR, PTP delta, and PTP sigma isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and associate with the LAR-interacting protein LIP.1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (25): 11686–11690. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9211686P. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.25.11686. PMC 40467. PMID 8524829.

Further reading

• Krueger NX, Streuli M, Saito H (October 1990). "Structural diversity and evolution of human receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases". The EMBO Journal. 9 (10): 3241–3252. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07523.x. PMC 552056. PMID 2170109.
• Schaapveld RQ, van den Maagdenberg AM, Schepens JT, Weghuis DO, Geurts van Kessel A, Wieringa B, Hendriks WJ (May 1995). "The mouse gene Ptprf encoding the leukocyte common antigen-related molecule LAR: cloning, characterization, and chromosomal localization". Genomics. 27 (1): 124–130. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1014. hdl:2066/21329. PMID 7665159.
• Pulido R, Serra-Pagès C, Tang M, Streuli M (December 1995). "The LAR/PTP delta/PTP sigma subfamily of transmembrane protein-tyrosine-phosphatases: multiple human LAR, PTP delta, and PTP sigma isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and associate with the LAR-interacting protein LIP.1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (25): 11686–11690. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9211686P. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.25.11686. PMC 40467. PMID 8524829.
• Wagner J, Gordon LA, Heng HH, Tremblay ML, Olsen AS (November 1996). "Physical mapping of receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPRS) to human chromosome 19p13.3". Genomics. 38 (1): 76–78. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0594. PMID 8954782.
• Wallace MJ, Fladd C, Batt J, Rotin D (May 1998). "The second catalytic domain of protein tyrosine phosphatase delta (PTP delta) binds to and inhibits the first catalytic domain of PTP sigma". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18 (5): 2608–2616. doi:10.1128/MCB.18.5.2608. PMC 110640. PMID 9566880.
• Serra-Pagès C, Medley QG, Tang M, Hart A, Streuli M (June 1998). "Liprins, a family of LAR transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase-interacting proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (25): 15611–15620. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.25.15611. PMID 9624153.
• Blanchetot C, den Hertog J (April 2000). "Multiple interactions between receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) alpha and membrane-distal protein-tyrosine phosphatase domains of various RPTPs". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (17): 12446–12452. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.17.12446. PMID 10777529.
• Blanchetot C, Tertoolen LG, Overvoorde J, den Hertog J (December 2002). "Intra- and intermolecular interactions between intracellular domains of receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (49): 47263–47269. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205810200. PMID 12376545.
• Woodings JA, Sharp SJ, Machesky LM (April 2003). "MIM-B, a putative metastasis suppressor protein, binds to actin and to protein tyrosine phosphatase delta". The Biochemical Journal. 371 (Pt 2): 463–471. doi:10.1042/BJ20021962. PMC 1223315. PMID 12570871.
• Hillman RT, Green RE, Brenner SE (2005). "An unappreciated role for RNA surveillance". Genome Biology. 5 (2): R8. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-2-r8. PMC 395752. PMID 14759258.
• Sato M, Takahashi K, Nagayama K, Arai Y, Ito N, Okada M, et al. (December 2005). "Identification of chromosome arm 9p as the most frequent target of homozygous deletions in lung cancer". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 44 (4): 405–414. doi:10.1002/gcc.20253. PMID 16114034. S2CID 25616464.
• Purdie KJ, Lambert SR, Teh MT, Chaplin T, Molloy G, Raghavan M, et al. (July 2007). "Allelic imbalances and microdeletions affecting the PTPRD gene in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas detected using single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 46 (7): 661–669. doi:10.1002/gcc.20447. PMC 2426828. PMID 17420988.