Ossie Davis
American actor, director, writer, and activist (1917–2005) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ossie Davis (born Raiford Chatman Davis; December 18, 1917 – February 4, 2005) was an American actor, director, writer, and activist.[1][2][3] He was married to Ruby Dee, with whom he frequently performed, until his death.[4] He received numerous accolades including an Emmy, a Grammy and a Writers Guild of America Award as well as nominations for four additional Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and Tony Award. Davis was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1994 and received the National Medal of Arts in 1995, Kennedy Center Honors in 2004.[5]
Ossie Davis | |
|---|---|
_-_NARA_-_542018.jpg) Davis at the 1963 March on Washington | |
| Born | Raiford Chatman Davis December 18, 1917 Cogdell, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | February 4, 2005 (aged 87) Miami Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Education | Columbia University |
| Occupations |
|
| Years active | 1939–2005 |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, including Guy Davis |
Davis started his career in theatre acting with the Ross McClendon Players in the 1940s. He made his Broadway debut acting in the post-World War II play Jeb (1946). He earned a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical nomination for his role in Jamaica (1958). He wrote and starred as the title character in the satirical farce Purlie Victorious (1961) which was adapted into a 1963 film and 1970 musical.
Davis's credits as a film director include Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), Black Girl (1972), and Gordon's War (1973). He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Scalphunters (1968). Davis also acted in The Hill (1965), A Man Called Adam (1966), Lets Do It Again (1975), School Daze (1988), Do the Right Thing (1989), Grumpy Old Men (1993), The Client (1994), and Dr. Dolittle (1998).
For his portrayal of Martin Luther King Sr. in the NBC miniseries King (1978) he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He was also Emmy-nominated for his roles in Teacher, Teacher (1969), Miss Evers' Boys (1997), and The L Word (2005). He won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album with his wife Ruby Dee for Ossie and Ruby (2005).
Early life
Raiford Chatman Davis was born in Cogdell, Georgia, the son of Kince Charles Davis, a railway construction engineer, and his wife Laura (née Cooper; July 9, 1898 – June 6, 2004).[6][7] He inadvertently became known as "Ossie" when his birth certificate was being filed and his mother's pronunciation of his name as "R. C. Davis" was misheard by the Clinch County courthouse clerk.[8] Davis experienced racism from an early age when the KKK threatened to shoot his father, whose job they felt was too advanced for a black man to have. His siblings included scientist William Conan Davis, social worker Essie Davis Morgan, pharmacist Kenneth Curtis Davis, and biology teacher James Davis.[9]
Following the wishes of his parents, he attended Howard University but dropped out in 1939 to fulfill his desire for an acting career in New York after a recommendation by Alain Locke; he later attended Columbia University School of General Studies. His acting career began in 1939 with the Rose McClendon Players in Harlem. During World War II, Davis served in the United States Army in the Medical Corps. He made his film debut in 1950 in the Sidney Poitier film No Way Out.
Career
Summarize
Perspective
1939–1959: Acting debut and Broadway work
When Davis wanted to pursue a career in acting, he ran into the usual roadblocks that black people suffered at that time as they generally could only portray stereotypical characters such as Stepin Fetchit. Instead, he tried to follow the example of Sidney Poitier and play more distinguished characters. When he found it necessary to play a Pullman porter or a butler, he played those characters realistically, not as a caricature.
In 1961, he wrote and starred in the Broadway play Purlie Victorious, a farce satirizing the confederate south. Davis portrayed the title character Purlie Victorious Judson, acting opposite Ruby Dee and Alan Alda. The play was adapted into a film titled Gone Are the Days!, released in 1963. The Broadway cast reprised their roles for the film. Howard Taubman for The New York Times wrote of the play: "It is marvelously exhilarating to hear the Negro speak for himself, especially when he does so in the fullness of his native gusto and the enveloping heartiness of his overflowing laughter."[10]
1970–1989: Directorial work
In addition to acting, Davis, along with Melvin Van Peebles and Gordon Parks, was one of the notable black directors of his generation: he directed movies such as Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), Black Girl (1972) and Gordon's War (1973). Along with Bill Cosby and Poitier, Davis was one of a handful of black actors able to find commercial success while avoiding stereotypical roles prior to 1970, which also included a significant role in the Otto Preminger directed drama The Cardinal (1963) and the Sidney Lumet prison drama The Hill (1965). He acted in the musical drama A Man Called Adam (1966), performing alongside Sammy Davis Jr., Louis Armstrong, and Cicely Tyson. He played Joseph Lee in the Sydney Pollack-directed western drama The Scalphunters, acting alongside Burt Lancaster and Shelley Winters. For his performance, Davis received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. Critic Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times praised Davis's performance in the film writing: "Davis, as an educated slave, is gradually initiated into the brutal realities of frontier life. [He] emerges as a genuine comic talent in a very demanding role (actually the lead, although Lancaster gets top billing). His character changes from an Uncle Tom to a rough-and-ready cowboy before your very eyes."[11]
During this time, he acted in the western comedy Sam Whiskey with Burt Reynolds and Angie Dickinson, the drama Slaves, starring Dionne Warwick, and the action comedy Hot Stuck with Dom DeLuise and Suzanne Pleshette. Davis starred with Cosby and Poitier in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again. As a playwright, Davis wrote Paul Robeson: All-American, which is frequently performed in theatre programs for young audiences.
In 1976, Davis appeared on Muhammad Ali's novelty album for children, The Adventures of Ali and His Gang vs. Mr. Tooth Decay.[12] Davis found recognition late in his life by working in several of director Spike Lee's films, including School Daze (1988), Do the Right Thing (1989), Jungle Fever (1991), Malcolm X (1991), Get on the Bus (1996), and She Hate Me (2004) For the final moments of Malcolm X, Davis, in voiceover, recited the actual eulogy that he wrote and delivered at Malcolm's funeral 27 years earlier. He also found work as a commercial voice-over artist and served as the narrator of the early-1990s CBS sitcom Evening Shade, starring Burt Reynolds, where he also played one of the residents of a small southern town. Davis and Reynolds had also worked together on Reynolds' previous TV series, B.L. Stryker (1989–1990), aired as part of the ABC Mystery Movie series.
1990–2005: Later work and final roles
Davis also appeared in several popular 1990s films, including the studio comedies Grumpy Old Men (1993) starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau, and Cop and a Half (1993) with Burt Reynolds, as well as the John Grisham drama film The Client (1994) starring Susan Sarandon and Tommy Lee Jones. He reunited with Spike Lee acting in the film Get on the Bus (1996) and appeared his HBO documentary 4 Little Girls (1997) which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. In 1998 he acted in the Eddie Murphy led comedy film Dr. Dolittle. In 1999, he appeared as a theater caretaker in the Trans-Siberian Orchestra film The Ghosts of Christmas Eve, which was released on DVD two years later. For many years, he hosted the annual National Memorial Day Concert from Washington, D.C.
In 1994, Davis played Judge Richard Farris in the Stephen King miniseries The Stand. From 1995 to 1996, he played Judge Harry Roosevelt in the CBS legal drama The Client (reprising his role from the 1994 film). Davis played Erasmus Jones in Promised Land from 1996 to 1998. The series was a spinoff from Touched by an Angel where he played multiple characters from 1996 to 2000. He played Mr. Evers in the HBO film Miss Evers' Boys (1997) starring Laurence Fishburne and Alfre Woodard. The film won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie. That same year he acted in the Showtime television film 12 Angry Men (1997) playing Juror #2. He acted in an ensemble cast acting alongside Courtney B. Vance, George C. Scott, James Gandolfini, Jack Nicholson, and Hume Cronyn. He voiced Anansi the spider on the PBS children's television series Sesame Street in its animation segments. He also narrated the HBO Storybook Musicals adaptation of The Red Shoes aired on February 7, 1990. In 2000, he voiced the role of Yar in Disney's live-action animated film Dinosaur.
From 1999 to 2000, he played Mr. Parker in the NBC crime drama Third Watch. He also took roles in Deacons for Defense and JAG, both in 2003. Davis's last role was a several episode guest role on the Showtime drama series The L Word, as a father struggling with the acceptance of his daughter Bette (Jennifer Beals) parenting a child with her lesbian partner. In his final episodes, his character took ill and died. His wife Ruby Dee was present during the filming of his own death scene. That episode, which aired shortly after Davis's own death, aired with a dedication to the actor.[13] After Davis's death, actor Dennis Haysbert portrayed him in the 2015 film Experimenter.
Personal life
Summarize
Perspective
Marriage
In 1948, Davis married actress Ruby Dee, whom he had met on the set of Robert Ardrey's 1946 play Jeb. In their joint autobiography With Ossie and Ruby, they described their decision to have an open marriage, later changing their minds.[14] In the mid-1960s they moved to the New York suburb of New Rochelle, where they remained ever after.[15][16] Their son Guy Davis is a blues musician and former actor, who appeared in the film Beat Street (1984) and the daytime soap opera One Life to Live. Their daughters are Nora Davis Day and Hasna Muhammad.
Political activism
_with_Ossie_Davis_in_1998.jpg)
Davis and Dee were well known as civil rights activists during the Civil Rights Movement and were close friends of Malcolm X, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr. and other icons of the era. They were involved in organizing the 1963 civil rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and served as its emcees. Davis, alongside Ahmed Osman, delivered the eulogy at the funeral of Malcolm X.[17] He re-read part of this eulogy at the end of Spike Lee's film Malcolm X. He also delivered a stirring tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, at a memorial in New York's Central Park the day after King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
Death
Davis was found dead in a Miami Beach hotel room on February 4, 2005. He was 87 years old. An official cause of death was not released, but he was known to have had heart problems.[18] His ashes were interred at Ferncliff Cemetery.
Davis's funeral was held in New York City on February 12, 2005. The line to enter The Riverside Church, located on the edge of Harlem, stretched for several blocks, with a thousand or more members of the public unable to attend as the church filled to its 2,100 capacity.[19] Speakers included Davis's children and grandchildren, as well as Alan Alda, Burt Reynolds, Amiri Baraka, Avery Brooks, Angela Bassett, Spike Lee, Attallah Shabazz, Tavis Smiley, Maya Angelou, Sonia Sanchez, Harry Belafonte, and former president Bill Clinton, among many others.[20] Wynton Marsalis performed a musical tribute. Burt Reynolds, who early in his career had worked with Davis, said "Ossie Davis took the bad parts of the South out of me.... I know what a man is because of Ossie Davis." Ms. Shabazz, oldest daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz, spoke lovingly of the man she and her five sisters called Uncle Ossie, saying he had provided exceptional support to her and her sisters after her father's assassination. Bill Clinton arrived midway through the service, and said from the pulpit "I asked to be seated in the back. I would proudly ride on the back of Ossie Davis's bus any day," adding that Davis "would have made a great president."[21]
Delivering the eulogy, Harry Belafonte said: Ossie Davis "embraced the greatest forces of our times. Paul Robeson, Dr. W.E.B. DuBois, Eleanor Roosevelt, A. Philip Randolph, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Baker, Thurgood Marshall, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and so many, many more. At the time of one of our most anxious and conflicted moments, when 'Our America' was torn apart by seething issues of race, Ossie paused, at the tomb of one of our noblest warriors, and in the eulogy he delivered, insured that history would clearly understand the voice of Black people, and what Malcolm X meant to us in the African-American struggle for freedom.... It is hard to fathom that we will no longer be able to call on his wisdom, his humor, his loyalty and his moral strength to guide us in the choices that are yet to be made and the battles that are yet to be fought. But how fortunate we were to have him as long as we did."[22]
Filmography
Film
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | No Way Out | John Brooks | uncredited |
| 1951 | Fourteen Hours | Cab Driver | uncredited |
| 1953 | The Joe Louis Story | Bob | uncredited |
| 1963 | Gone Are the Days! | Rev. Purlie Victorious Judson | aka Purlie Victorious |
| The Cardinal | Father Gillis | ||
| 1964 | Shock Treatment | Capshaw | |
| 1965 | The Hill | Jacko King | |
| 1966 | A Man Called Adam | Nelson Davis | |
| 1967 | Silent Revolution | ||
| 1968 | The Scalphunters | Joseph Lee | |
| 1969 | Sam Whiskey | Jed Hooker | |
| Slaves | Luke | ||
| 1970 | Cotton Comes to Harlem | — | Director |
| 1972 | Black Girl | — | Director |
| 1973 | Gordon's War | — | Director |
| 1973 | Kongi's Harvest | — | Director |
| 1973 | Wattstax | Himself | uncredited |
| 1975 | Let's Do It Again | Elder Johnson | |
| Black Shadows on a Silver Screen | Documentary[23] | ||
| 1976 | Countdown at Kusini | Ernest Motapo | Also director |
| 1979 | Hot Stuff | Captain John Geiberger | |
| Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars | [24] | ||
| 1984 | Harry & Son | Raymond | |
| The House of God | Dr. Sanders | ||
| 1985 | Avenging Angel | Captain Harry Moradian | |
| 1986 | From Dreams To Reality: A Tribute to Minority Inventors | Himself | Documentary |
| 1987 | Crown Dick | — | Director; Television movie |
| 1988 | School Daze | Coach Odom | |
| 1989 | Do the Right Thing | Da Mayor | |
| 1990 | Joe Versus the Volcano | Marshall | |
| 1991 | Preminger: Anatomy of a Filmmaker | Himself | Documentary |
| Jungle Fever | The Good Reverend Doctor Purify | ||
| 1992 | Gladiator | Noah | |
| Malcolm X | Eulogy Performer | Voice | |
| 1993 | Cop and a Half | Detective in Squad Room | Uncredited |
| Grumpy Old Men | Chuck | ||
| 1994 | The Client | Harry Roosevelt | |
| 1996 | Get on the Bus | Jeremiah | |
| I'm Not Rappaport | Midge Carter | ||
| 1997 | 4 Little Girls | Himself | Documentary |
| 1998 | Dr. Dolittle | Archer Dolittle | |
| Alyson's Closet | Postman Extraordinaire | Short film | |
| 1999 | The Unfinished Journey | Narration | Voice; Documentary short |
| 2000 | The Gospel According to Mr. Allen | Narrator | Documentary |
| Dinosaur | Yar | Voice | |
| Here's to Life! | Duncan Cox | ||
| 2001 | Voice of the Voiceless | Himself | Documentary |
| 2002 | Why Can't We Be a Family Again? | Narrator | Voice; Documentary short |
| Bubba Ho-Tep | Jack | ||
| 2003 | Unchained Memories | Reader #6 | Documentary |
| Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property | Himself | Documentary | |
| Beah: A Black Woman Speaks | Himself | Documentary | |
| Baadasssss! | Granddad | ||
| 2004 | She Hate Me | Judge Buchanan | |
| Proud | Lorenzo DuFau | ||
| 2005 | A Trumpet at the Walls of Jericho | Documentary | |
Television
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1955 | Kraft Theatre | Brutus Jones | Episode: "The Emperor Jones" |
| 1960 | Play of the Week | Will Harris | 2 episodes |
| 1960 | Playhouse 90 | Performer | Episode: "John Brown's Raid" |
| 1961 | The Defenders | District Attorney | 8 episodes |
| 1962 | Seven Times Monday | Will | Television movie |
| 1962 | The Catholic Hour | Performer | Episode: "The Sign of Fire" |
| 1962–1963 | Car 54, Where Are You? | Officer Omar Anderson | 6 episodes |
| 1963 | The Great Adventure | John Ross | Episode: "Go Down, Moses" |
| 1964 | The Doctors and the Nurses | Dr. Farmer | Episode: "The Family Resemblance" |
| 1964 | CBS Show of the Week | Performer | Episode: "Neighbours" |
| 1966 | The Fugitive | Lieutenant Johnny Gaines | Episode: "Death is the Door Prize" |
| 1966–1967 | Run for Your Life | Performer | 3 episodes |
| 1967 | 12 O'Clock High | Major Glenn Luke | Episode: "The Graveyard" |
| 1968 | N.Y.P.D. | Dempsey | 2 episodes |
| 1969 | Bonanza: The Wish | Sam Davis | Episode: "The Wish" |
| 1969 | The Name of the Game | Kubani | Episode: "The Third Choice" |
| 1969 | Night Gallery | Osmund Portifoy | Pilot; Segment: "The Cemetery" |
| 1971 | The Sheriff | Sheriff James Lucas | Television movie |
| 1973 | Love, American Style | Performer | Episode: "Love and High Spirits" |
| 1974 | Hawaii Five-O | Ramon Borelle | Episode: "Hara-Kiri: Murder" |
| 1976 | The Tenth Level | Reed | Television movie |
| 1977 | Billy: Portrait of a Street Kid | Dr. Fredericks | Television movie |
| 1978 | King | Rev. Martin Luther King Sr. | Miniseries |
| 1979 | Roots: The Next Generations | Dad Jones | Miniseries |
| Freedom Road | Narrator | Television movie | |
| 1980 | All God's Children | Blaine Whitfield | Television movie |
| 1980–1981 | Ossie and Ruby! | Co-host | TV Series |
| 1981 | Don't Look Back: The Story of Leroy "Satchel" Paige | Chuffy Russell | Television movie |
| Death of a Prophet | Himself | Television movie | |
| 1989 | Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Loved the Stars | Performer | Television movie [25] |
| 1989–1990 | B.L. Stryker | 'Oz' Jackson | 12 episodes |
| 1990 | We'll Take Manhattan | Man in Subway | Television movie |
| 1990–1994 | Evening Shade | Ponder Blue | 99 episodes |
| 1993 | Alex Haley's Queen | Parson Dick | Miniseries |
| The Ernest Green Story | Grandfather | Television movie | |
| 1994 | The Stand | Judge Richard Farris | Miniseries; 4 episodes |
| 1995 | Ray Alexander | Uncle Phil | Television movie |
| The Android Affair | Dr. Winston | Television movie | |
| 1995–1996 | The Client | Judge Harry Roosevelt | 14 episodes |
| 1996 | Home of the Brave | Erasmus Jones | Television movie |
| 1996–1998 | Promised Land | Erasmus Jones | 10 episodes |
| 1996–2002 | Touched by an Angel | Erasmus Jones / Gabriel / Gabe | 6 episodes |
| 1997 | Miss Evers' Boys | Mr. Evers | Television movie |
| 12 Angry Men | Juror #2 | Television movie | |
| 1999 | The Secret Path | 'Too Tall' | Television movie |
| The Soul Collector | Mordecai | Television movie | |
| The Ghosts of Christmas Eve | The Caretaker | Television movie | |
| A Vow to Cherish | Alexander Billman | Television movie | |
| 1999–2000 | Third Watch | Mr. Parker | 3 episodes |
| 2001 | Between the Lions | Woodcutter | Episode: Bug Beard |
| 2000 | Finding Buck McHenry | Buck McHenry | Television movie |
| 2001 | Legend of the Candy Cane | Julius | Voice; Television movie |
| The Feast of All Saints | Jean-Jacques | Television movie | |
| 2002 | Persidio Med | Otis Clayton | Episode: "This Baby's Gonna Fly" |
| 2003 | Deacons for Defense | Reverend Gregory | Television movie |
| JAG | Terrence Minnerly | Episode: "Close Quarters" | |
| 2004–2005 | The L Word | Melvin Porter | Final appearance; 4 episodes |
Theatre
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1939 | Joy Exceeding Glory | Reverend Stokes | Rose McClendon Players |
| 1940 | On Strivers Row | Chuck Reynolds | |
| 1940 | Booker T. Washington | Fred | |
| 1941 | Black Women in White | Performer | |
| 1946 | Jeb | Jeb Turner | Martin Beck Theatre, Broadway |
| 1946 | Anna Lucasta | Rudolph | Mansfield Touring Company |
| 1948 | The Leading Lady | Trem | National Theatre, Broadway |
| 1949 | The Smile of the World | Stewart | Lyceum Theatre, Broadway |
| 1949 | Stevedore | Lonnie Thompson | Equity Library Theatre |
| 1950 | The Wisteria Trees | Jacques | Martin Beck Theatre, Broadway |
| 1951 | The Royal Family | Jo | City Center, Broadway |
| 1951 | The Green Pastures | Gabriel | Broadway Theatre, Broadway |
| 1951 | Remains to Be Seen | Al | Morosco Theatre, Broadway |
| 1953 | Touchstone | Dr. Joseph Clay | Music Box Theatre, Broadway |
| 1955 | The Wisteria Trees | Jacques | City Center, Broadway |
| 1956 | No Time for Sergeants | A Lieutenant | Alvin Theatre |
| 1957 | Jamaica | Cicero | Imperial Theatre, Broadway |
| 1959 | A Raisin in the Sun | Walter Lee Younger (replacement) | Ethel Barrymore Theatre, Broadway |
| 1961 | Purlie Victorious | Purlie Victorious / Also writer | Cort Theatre, Broadway |
| 1963 | Ballad for Bimshire | Sir Radio | Mayfair Theatre |
| 1865 | The Zulu and the Zayda | Johannes | Cort Theatre |
| 1972 | Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death | Performer | Ethel Barrymore Theatre |
| 1979 | Take It from the Top | The Lord / Also director | New Federal Theatre |
| 1983 | Zora Is My Name! | Performer | American Playhouse |
| 1986 | I'm Not Rappaport | Midge (replacement) | Booth Theatre, Broadway |
| 1988 | A Celebration of Paul Robeson | Performer | Shubert Theatre, Broadway |
| 1995 | Two Hah Hahs and a Homeboy | Performer | Crossroads Theatre Company |
Discography
- Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, Vol. 1: (Folkways Records, 1966)
- Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, Vol. 2: (Folkways, 1966)
- Frederick Douglass' The Meaning of July 4 for the Negro: (Folkways, 1975)
- Frederick Douglass' Speeches inc. The Dred Scott Decision: (Folkways, 1976)
Awards and honors
Summarize
Perspective
In 1989, Ossie Davis and his wife, actress/activist Ruby Dee, were named to the NAACP Image Awards Hall of Fame. In 1995, they were awarded the National Medal of Arts, the nation's highest honor conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the country and presented in a White House ceremony by the President of the United States.[5] In 1994, Davis was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.[26] In 2004, they were recipients of the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors.[27] According to the Kennedy Center Honors:
- "The Honors recipients recognized for their lifetime contributions to American culture through the performing arts— whether in dance, music, theater, opera, motion pictures, or television — are selected by the Center's Board of Trustees. The primary criterion in the selection process is excellence. The Honors are not designated by art form or category of artistic achievement; the selection process, over the years, has produced balance among the various arts and artistic disciplines."[28]
Bibliography
- Davis, Ossie (1961). Purlie Victorious. New York: Samuel French Inc. Plays. ISBN 978-0-573-61435-4.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Davis, Ossie (1977). Escape to Freedom: The Story of Young Frederick Douglass. New York: Samuel French. ISBN 978-0-573-65031-4.
- Davis, Ossie (1982). Langston. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-04634-9.
- Davis, Ossie; Dee, Ruby (1984). Why Mosquitos Buzz in People's Ears (Audio). Caedmon. ISBN 978-0-694-51187-7.
- Davis, Ossie (1992). Just Like Martin. New York: Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing. ISBN 978-0-671-73202-8.
- Davis, Ossie; Dee, Ruby (1998). With Ossie and Ruby: In This Life Together. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-15396-0.
- Davis, Ossie (2006). Dee, Ruby (ed.). Life Lit by Some Large Vision: Selected Speeches and Writings. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-416-52549-3.
References
External links
Wikiwand - on
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.