Osa Maliki

In this Indonesian name, there is no family name nor a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Osa.

Osa Maliki Wangsadinata (30 December 1907 – 15 September 1969) was an Indonesian politician who served as the chairman of the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and a deputy speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) from 1966 until his death. Born in Padalarang, Osa was educated at a Taman Siswa school. He participated in an unsuccessful communist rebellion against the colonial government in 1926, being exiled to the Boven-Digoel concentration camp as a result. After returning from exile in 1938, he worked as a teacher. During the Japanese occupation, Osa worked in the propaganda section of a Hōkōkai and became a member of the Suishintai, however, he was briefly detained by the Kenpeitai over his connections to an underground resistance movement.

Osa Maliki
Official portrait, 1956
Chairman of the Indonesian National Party
In office 27 April 1966 – 15 September 1969
Preceded by	Ali Sastroamidjojo
Succeeded by	Hardi (acting)
Legislative offices Deputy Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly In office 20 June 1966 – 15 September 1969 Member of the People's Representative Council In office 24 March 1956 – 9 February 1968
Personal details
Born	(1907-12-30)30 December 1907 Padalarang, Preanger Regencies Residency, Dutch East Indies
Died	15 September 1969(1969-09-15) (aged 61) Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
Resting place	Cikutra Heroes Cemetery
Political party	Indonesian National Party (1946–1965; 1966–1969) Indonesian Communist Party (1924–1927)
Occupation	Politician teacher

Following the proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, Osa served in various positions in the newly-formed Republican government. During the Indonesian National Revolution, he co-founded a political party, the Indonesian People's Union (SRI), which was merged to form the PNI. In 1947, he was imprisoned by the Dutch shortly after Operation Product, but was released following the signing of the Renville Agreement a year later. He remained politically active following the recognition of sovereignty by the Dutch in 1949, and was elected to the People's Representative Council (DPR) in 1955. His support of the previous parliamentary system and opposition to President Sukarno's Guided Democracy led to a power struggle within the PNI, between Osa's right-wing and Ali Sastroamidjojo's left-wing. However, following the fall of Sukarno, Osa was elected party chairman, ousting Ali. As chairman, Osa attempted to reform the PNI. He died of a heart attack on 15 September 1969 in Semarang, Central Java.

Early life and career

Osa Maliki Wangsadinata was born on 30 December 1907, in Padalarang, in what is today West Bandung.^[1] Little is known of his early life; he was educated in a Taman Siswa school. In 1924, he joined the Red Indonesian Youth Organization and later the Red Sarekat Islam. Becoming a member of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), he participated in the unsuccessful 1926 communist rebellion. In the aftermath, Osa was captured and sentenced to jail for 4 years and two months, before being exiled to the Boven-Digoel concentration camp by Dutch authorities.^[2]

During his time in Boven-Digoel, Osa became a member of the Rust en Orde Bewaarder (ROB), a security force which protected the streets and villages of the area. In the ROB, he earned a salary of 17.5 Gulden. As a member of the ROB, he once dealt with the commotion between Digoel's political prisoners, some of whom used pocket knives.^[3][4] He returned from his exile in 1938, and began teaching at a Taman Siswa school in Bandung. A position he held from 1938 until the Japanese invasion in 1942.^[5] During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, he became head of propaganda at Jawa Hokokai.^[5] He also became a member of the Special Pioneers Front, the youth wing of Jawa Hokokai founded by future-president Sukarno.^[6] However, he was also detained by the Japanese military police (Kempeitai) for four months in Bandung.^[6]

Early political career

The original People's Representative Council building, where Osa served as a legislator

Following the proclamation of independence and the beginning of the Indonesian National Revolution, he served in the newly formed provincial government of the province of West Java.^[4] In December 1945, he became a member of Indonesian People's Union (Serindo), and after the Kediri Congress in 1946, he joined the Indonesian National Party (PNI).^[7][8] After the end of the national revolution and the beginning of an independent Indonesian state, he studied mass communication in Europe and the United States.^[2] In the 1955 Indonesian legislative elections, he was elected to the People's Representative Council representing the province of West Java.^[1]

During the tenth Congress of the PNI, which took place in the town of Purwokerto, Central Java, from 28 August and 1 September 1963, a power struggle between the more left-wing faction of the PNI, led by its chairman Ali Sastroamidjojo, and the more right-wing faction, led by Hardi, occurred. Through a number of factors, including the skillful manipulation of the congress schedule, and the support of President Sukarno, Ali was re-elected chairman through acclamation. Following the election of the chairman, the election for the five deputy chairmen of the party was mostly a matter of allocating them among the two competing factions while also maintaining a semblance of geographic representation. This resulted in Osa being appointed a deputy chairman, along with Hardi, Mohamad Isa, Ruslan Abdulgani, and I Gusti Gde Subamia.^[9]

Political infighting

Suspension from the PNI

See also: Indonesian National Party

The defeat of the right-wing Hardi faction in 1963 PNI Congress, led to their growing isolation in the subsequent years, with the left-wing continuing to gradually increase the number of their supporters in both the national and local party councils. The right-wing faction also considered the left's "ambivalent position" towards the PKI, as a "betrayal", and as the beginning of a purge of the party leadership of right-wing elements. On 25 July 1965, in the 38th anniversary of the PNI, President Sukarno gave a speech; he chided party leaders such as Ali for not having started a purge. In the weeks after the speech, many in the left issued resolutions demanding the expelling of Hadisubeno Sosrowerdojo, Mohammad Isnaeni, and Hardi.^[10]

In response, party leaders decided to include the issue on the agenda for the already-scheduled meeting of the Central Leadership Council on 4 August 1965. However, six members did not attend the meeting, including Hardi, Mohammad Isnaeni, and Osa. Instead, the day before the meeting, they drafted a letter, which was delivered to all Central Leadership Council members, explaining that their refusal was based on their belief that nothing would be achieved, due to the existing tension in the party.^[10] As a result, they were all suspended by Chairman Ali from the PNI. This group, consisting of seven members, along with three other suspended PNI members, proceeded to attempt to generate support to call an extraordinary PNI congress.^[11] Between May and October 1965, 140 members were suspended by PNI for supporting Osa's faction, mostly from Jakarta and West Java.^[12]

Takeover of the leadership

See also: 30 September movement

Major General Suharto, c. 1968

Following the alleged attempted communist coup of the 30 September movement, both the PKI and President Sukarno had been severely weakened.^[13] This gave an opening to the more right-wing faction of the PNI, now led by Osa, which began acting more boldly. In early October, Osa's faction set up a competing leadership of the PNI, with Osa himself as chairman. This new leadership declared that the previous leadership under Ali was banned from the party.^[14] By mid-October, army commanders and religious groups had backed and cooperated with Osa's faction in eliminating supposed pro-PKI elements from PNI.^[15] While other PNI members such as Iskaq Tjokrohadisurjo, attempted to bring Ali's and Osa's factions together by arranging an emergency party congress with little success.^[16]

In March 1966, Sukarno had been forced to yield virtually all his political power, which gave major general Suharto significant authority.^[17] Subsequently, Suharto arranged meetings between the opposing PNI factions in the same month. In the third meeting, on 24 March, Suharto extracted a joint statement from the Osa and Ali factions, in which both groups declared their agreement to hold an extraordinary congress. However, the Ali faction had not agreed to such demands while declaring its intention to hold the eleventh party congress ahead of schedule.^[18] Despite this, the extraordinary congress went ahead on 24–27 April 1966, with significant interference from the military. The delegation from the Ali faction were heckled, and Iskaq (who became the chairman of the extraordinary congress) had almost lost control of the situation.^[19]

Between sessions, private negotiations were held between both sides. Osa's faction demanded the resignation of Ali, and transfer of leadership to Osa and Usep Ranawidjaja. Ali responded with the proposal that all PNI leadership council members elected the Purwokerto Congress should be ineligible to stand again for leadership positions. Ali's proposal would have excluded himself from running again, but would have also excluded Osa, Isnaeni, and Hardi, resulting in the Osa faction flatly rejecting the proposal. Eventually, both groups agreed to the appointment of Osa as General Chairman with full authority to choose a new central leadership council, with the assistance of S. Hadikusumo, a supporter of Ali. The new agreement was approved by a plenary session, and resulted in the takeover the PNI by the Osa faction, and sidelining of the Ali faction.^[19]

Later political career

Further information: Transition to the New Order

The leadership of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly in 1967, with Osa in the far-right

During the 1966 general session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), the MPRS unanimously elected General Abdul Haris Nasution as speaker.^[20] In turn, Nasution appointed Osa as a Deputy Speaker, alongside, Mashudi, Mohammad Subchan, and Melanchton Siregar.^[21] Despite the end of the split, and the election of a new right-wing leadership for the PNI, the party's existence remained in question. As despite support from Suharto, Osa's PNI were still seen as too close to the "old older" in the eyes of Muslim students, the anti-communist KAMI, and the New Order militants. This was because of Osa's (and the party as a whole) reluctance to attack Sukarno.^[22]

Demands for the banning of the PNI arose, with territorial commanders (who were New Order militants) beginning to "freeze" local branches of the PNI. And by 1967, the entirety of the PNI organization in Sumatra had been "frozen". However, despite these challenges, the PNI was able to survive, as in December 1967, Suharto ordered local military commanders to aid the PNI in reforming itself. Suharto's actions were based on his view of the PNI, which he saw as a natural vehicle for the expression of the political aspirations of the non-Islamic masses of Java and as an important counter-balance towards the Muslim parties, such as Parmusi, and the Nahdlatul Ulama.^[22]

Death and funeral

On the night of 14 September 1969, Osa was invited to give a speech at the opening of the 5th Indonesian National Student Movement congress in Salatiga, Central Java. While giving the speech, he experienced a heart attack, and he was rushed to Salatiga Hospital. His condition slightly improved, before he was then transferred to Dr. Kariadi Central General Hospital in Semarang. There, he remained in care until he died, at around 3:00 p.m. Western Indonesian Time on 15 September.^[23] His body was interred in Cikutra Heroes Cemetery in Bandung.^[24]

References

Citations

1. People's Representative Council 1956, pp. 74–75.
2. People's Representative Council 1956, pp. 75–76.
3. Bondan, Molly (2008). Spanning a revolution : kisah Mohamad Bondan, eks -Digulis, dan Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia [Spanning a revolution : the story of Mohamad Bondan and the Indonesian Nationalist movement] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor. pp. 209–210. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
4. Matanasi, Petrik (4 March 2021). "Bagaimana Osa Maliki "Menyelamatkan" PNI sampai Pemilu 1971?" [How did Osa Maliki "Save" the PNI until the 1971 General Election?] (in Indonesian). tirto.id. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
5. People's Representative Council 1956, p. 75.
6. People's Representative Council 1956, p. 76.
7. People's Representative Council 1956, pp. 76–77.
8. Rocamora 1970, p. 143.
9. Rocamora 1970, pp. 153–155.
10. Rocamora 1970, pp. 176–178.
11. McIntyre 1972, pp. 190–191.
12. McIntyre 1972, p. 194.
13. Crouch 1971, p. 177.
14. McIntyre 1972, p. 193.
15. McIntyre 1972, pp. 196–197.
16. McIntyre 1972, pp. 199–201.
17. Crouch 1971, p. 185.
18. McIntyre 1972, p. 207.
19. McIntyre 1972, pp. 208–209.
20. United States Information Service (1966). Surabaya Press Summary. Jakarta: United States Information Service. pp. 436–437. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
21. "Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia No. 126 Tahun 1966" [Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 126 of 1966] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 July 2021.
22. Crouch 1971, p. 186.
23. Suara Merdeka (16 September 1969). "Wakil Ketua MPRS Osa Maliki Meninggal Dunia Di Semarang" [Deputy Chairperson of MPRS Osa Maliki Dies in Semarang] (in Indonesian). Semarang: Suara Merdeka. p. 1. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
24. Kompas (17 September 1969). "Djenazah Osa Maliki Dikebumikan Di Taman Pahlawan Tjikutra" [Osa Maliki's Body Buried in Cikutra Heroes Cemetery]. www.kompasdata.id (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas. p. 1. Retrieved 7 December 2021.

Sources

• People's Representative Council (1956). Hasil Rakjat Memilih Tokoh-tokoh Parlemen (Hasil Pemilihan Umum Pertama – 1955) di Republik Indonesia [Result of People Electing Parliamentary Members (Result of the First General Election – 1955) in the Republic of Indonesia] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Secretariat General of the People's Representative Council. pp. 74–77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
• Rocamora, J. Eliseo (October 1970). "The Partai Nasional Indonesia, 1963–1965" (PDF). Indonesia. 10 (10). Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: 143–181. doi:10.2307/3350638. hdl:1813/53493. JSTOR 3350638. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
• McIntyre, Angus (1972). "Divisions and Power in the Indonesian National Party, 1965 – 1966" (PDF). Indonesia (13): 183–210. doi:10.2307/3350686. hdl:1813/53534. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350686. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
• Crouch, Harold (April 1971). "The Army, the Parties and Elections" (PDF). Indonesia. 11 (11). Cornell University Southeast Asia Program: 177–192. doi:10.2307/3350749. hdl:1813/53508. JSTOR 3350749. Retrieved 11 December 2021.