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In J. R. R. Tolkien's epic fantasy The Lord of the Rings, an oliphaunt (known in Harad and Gondor as a mûmak, plural: mûmakil)[1] is a giant war elephant, used by the army of the Haradrim. Tolkien borrowed the word from Middle English to give a rustic feeling to Sam Gamgee's speech. The beasts are first mentioned by Sam as he explains to Gollum what an oliphaunt is; he hopes to see one. His wish is fulfilled as he witnesses Faramir's ambush of a contingent from Harad in Ithilien. Several mûmakil take part in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.
Tolkien wrote two "Oliphaunt" poems, one a playfully childlike rhyme recited by Sam in The Lord of the Rings, the other a humorous poem in the medieval bestiary tradition mocking the excessive use of allegory in Middle English verse. Scholars have analysed Tolkien's sources for his oliphaunts, noting the Old English account in the Homily on the Maccabees and his mention of Pyrrhus of Epirus's use of war elephants against Ancient Rome.
Peter Jackson modifies the beast, making it more like a Gomphotherium, and adds two fights with the mûmakil during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, one featuring the Elf Legolas, the other Éowyn, the lady of Rohan, gaining a mixed reception.
Tolkien borrowed the term oliphaunt from Middle English, which in turn was a borrowing of Old French olifaunt. These terms meant an ordinary elephant.[T 1] Tolkien stated in his guide for translators that the word was "used as a 'rusticism', on the supposition that rumour of the Southern beast would have reached the Shire long ago in the form of legend."[T 2]
Narrative
In The Lord of the Rings, oliphaunts are mentioned as Samwise Gamgee explains what one is to Gollum by reciting an old Shire poem,[T 3] and then encountered twice. Sam and Frodo Baggins see one in Ithilien as they witness the ambush of a contingent from Harad by Faramir's men of Gondor.[T 4] Many more are present at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, where the Haradrim are part of Sauron's assault on Minas Tirith, and the horses of the Rohirrim were too scared to approach them.[T 5]
Classical and medieval sources
Elizabeth Solopova and Stuart D. Lee argue that the Haradrim's mûmakil war elephants put their country far to the East, since only India and lands to its east went on using war elephants after classical times.[3] They mention that Tolkien could have used the Old English version by Ælfric of the Book of Maccabees, which carefully introduces elephants to its Anglo-Saxon audience, using much the same phrase as Sam Gamgee, "māre þonne sum hūs", "bigger than a house", before describing their use in battle; the hero stabs the elephant, which is carrying a "wīghūs", a "battle-house", from below.[3] Tolkien however mentioned Pyrrhus of Epirus's use of war elephants against Ancient Rome in 280–275 BC in his notes for the illustrator Pauline Baynes.[2]
Christian perspective
Kathleen O'Neill, in Cistercian Studies Quarterly, writes that while Sam is "open to wonder" and excited about the possibility of seeing an oliphaunt, Gollum's fearful mind is "so utterly closed to the goodness of what is as to will away its very existence".[4] In O'Neill's view, God "quickly" rewards Sam with the terrifying view of an out-of-control oliphaunt, giving him "lasting delight" and gratitude. She adds that this capacity for seeing the good even in dark moments comes to his aid in Mordor, when he sees a white star, knows its beauty, and realises that "the Shadow was only a small and passing thing".[4][T 6]
Playful depiction
Before seeing the oliphaunt, Sam recites a poem of Shire-lore, to explain to Gollum what one is. It begins:[T 3][lower-alpha 1]
Grey as a mouse,
Big as a house,
Nose like a snake,
I make the earth shake.
The folklorist and Tolkien scholar Dimitra Fimi writes that with this song and the later encounter with the oliphaunt, Tolkien "playfully complete[s]" his depiction of Sam as an "authentic active transmitter" of folklore-style tradition among his people, despite his lack of Frodo's formal education and his rustic style of speech.[5]
Modern work in bestiary tradition
Tolkien had published a different[6] poem on the oliphaunt theme, "Iumbo, or ye Kinde of ye Oliphaunt", in the Stapeldon Magazine in 1927. It begins:[T 8]
The Indic oliphaunt's a burly lump,
A moving mountain, a majestic mammal
(But those that fancy that he wears a hump
Confuse him incorrectly with the camel).
John D. Rateliff notes that Tolkien stated that when he read a medieval work, he wanted to write a modern one in the same tradition.[6] In the case of "Iumbo" the oliphaunt and "Fastitocalon", an island-sized whale, that was the medieval bestiary tradition. Tolkien adopts the pseudonym 'Fisiologus', imitating the medieval name 'Physiologus', "the naturalist", author of just such a bestiary. Rateliff notes that "Iumbo" is written in medieval style in two sections, the natura describing the oliphaunt's habits (addiction to mandrakes), and the significacio drawing a "highly facetious, and egregiously inappropriate" moral from the story, "mocking the incessant allegorizing"[6] of its Middle English model.[6]
The 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of The Return of the King portrayed oliphaunts as resembling woolly mammoths.[8]
In Peter Jackson's film The Two Towers, the Haradrim appear Middle Eastern, with turbans, flowing robes, and riding mûmakil.[9] The beasts, constructed in CGI animation, differ markedly from Tolkien's account; Kristine Larsen describes his treatment of the oliphaunt as taking "artistic liberties" on the "visual aspects".[10] They have two pairs of tusks, one being curved upwards, and a third small pair from the cheekbones; their skull shape resembles Gomphotherium.[7]
Jackson's depiction was criticised in Mythprint for being "too much just visual quotes from [the 1988 fantasy film] Willow."[11] Janet Brennan Croft writes that Jackson's invention of a battle between the Elf Legolas and a mûmak unnecessarily distracts attention from Éowyn's far more important fight with the Witch-king.[12] Maureen Thum on the other hand argues that while, as Jackson admits, his films offer "only a relatively shallow rendering" of the book, details like Éowyn's invented attack on the mûmakil – galloping beneath them with two swords raised – usefully gives a picture of the lady of Rohan as "a strong able warrior", preparing the viewer for the final showdown with the Witch-king.[13]
- The poem "Oliphaunt" was republished in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil.[T 7]
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