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Uralic language spoken in Yamalia, Russia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Northern Khanty is a Uralic language, frequently considered a dialect of a unified Khanty language, spoken by about 9,000 people.[2] It is the most widely spoken out of all the Khanty languages, the majority composed of 5,000 speakers in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in Russia.[3] The reason for this discrepancy is that dialects of Northern Khanty have been better preserved in its northern reaches, and the Middle Ob and Kazym dialects are losing favor to Russian. All four dialects have been literary, beginning with the Middle Ob dialects, but shifting to Kazym, and back to Middle Ob, now the most used dialect in writing.[4] The Shuryshkary dialects are also written, primarily due to an administrative division between the two, as the latter is spoken in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.[3]
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| Northern Khanty | |
|---|---|
| хӑнты йасәӈ hănty jasəṇ[note 1] | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
| Ethnicity | 15,000 northern Khanty[1] |
Native speakers | (c. 10,000 cited 1993)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Cyrillic | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (all Khanty varieties) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
1of | |
kca-nor | |
| Glottolog | nort3264 Northern Khanty |
| ELP |
|
Map of Khanty and Mansi varieties in the early 20th century, with Northern Khanty | |
Dialects of Northern Khanty:[5]
The Kazym dialect distinguishes 18 consonants.
The vowel inventory is much simpler. Eight vowels are distinguished in initial syllables: six full /i e a ɒ o u/ and four reduced /ĭ ă ŏ ŭ/. In unstressed syllables, four values are found: /ɑ ə ĕ ĭ/.[7][8]
A similarly simple vowel inventory is found in the Nizyam, Sherkal, and Berjozov dialects, which have full /e a ɒ u/ and reduced /ĭ ɑ̆ ŏ ŭ/. Aside from the full vs. reduced contrast rather than one of length, this is identical to that of the adjacent Sosva dialect of Mansi.[9]
The Obdorsk dialect has retained full close vowels and has a nine-vowel system: full vowels /i e æ ɑ o u/ and reduced vowels /æ̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/.[9]
However, it has a simpler consonant inventory, having the lateral approximants /l lʲ/ in place of the fricatives /ɬ ɬʲ/ and having fronted *š *ṇ to /s n/.
A new alphabet scheme[of what?] was published in 2013.[11] The various written standards, such as Kazym (Northern Khanty) and Surgut (Eastern Khanty), have their own versions of this alphabet, with some different letters. The influential Просвещение (Enlightenment/Education) publishing house, which publishes many of the textbooks and early literacy material for the smaller languages of Russia, designed curved-tail variants of the letters ԯ and ң with a tick, namely ԓ and ӈ, and these have been redundantly encoded in Unicode as separate characters.[12] These hooked forms have been chosen as the preferred allographs of these letters for the Kazym alphabet.[13] However, the respected Khanty-language journal Хӑнты ясӑӊ uses the diagonal-tail forms ӆ and ӊ for Kazym.[14]
| А а | Ӑ ӑ | В в | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | Ԓ ԓ[note 2] |
| Љ љ | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ[note 2] | Њ њ | О о | Ө ө | П п |
| Р р | С с | Т т | | У у | Ў ў | Х х | Ш ш |
| Щ щ | Ы ы | Є є | Э э | Ә ә |
[i] и and [ɨ] ы are allophones, breaking the phonemic principle of the alphabet.[13]
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kazym Khanty:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Northern Mansi:
Article 1 of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in English:
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