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Civil resistance to bring about the departure of governments From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A nonviolent revolution is a revolution conducted primarily by unarmed civilians using tactics of civil resistance, including various forms of nonviolent protest, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian without the use or threat of violence.[1] While many campaigns of civil resistance are intended for much more limited goals than revolution, generally a nonviolent revolution is characterized by simultaneous advocacy of democracy, human rights, and national independence in the country concerned.
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An effective campaign of civil resistance, and even the achievement of a nonviolent revolution, may be possible in a particular case despite the government in power taking brutal measures against protesters.[2] The commonly held belief that most revolutions that have happened in dictatorial regimes were bloody or violent uprisings is not borne out by historical analysis. Nonviolent Revolutions came to the international forefront in the 20th century by the independence movement of India under the leadership of Gandhi with civil disobedience being the tool of nonviolent resistance. An important non-violent revolution was in Sudan in October 1964 which overthrew a military dictatorship. Later it become more successful and more common in the 1980s as Cold War political alliances which supported status quo governance waned.[3]
In the 1970s and 1980s, intellectuals in the Soviet Union and other Communist states, and in some other countries, began to focus on civil resistance as the most promising means of opposing entrenched authoritarian regimes. The use of various forms of unofficial exchange of information, including by samizdat, expanded. Two major revolutions during the 1980s strongly influenced political movements that followed. The first was the 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines, from which the term 'people power' came to be widely used, especially in Hispanic and Asian nations.[4] Three years later, the Revolutions of 1989 that ousted communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc reinforced the concept (with the notable exception of the notoriously bloody Romanian Revolution), beginning with the victory of Solidarity in that year's Polish legislative elections. The Revolutions of 1989 provided the template for the so-called color revolutions in mainly post-communist states, which tended to use a color or flower as a symbol, somewhat in the manner of the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia.
In December 1989, inspired by the anti-communist revolutions in Eastern Europe, the Mongolian Democratic Union (MDU) organized popular street protests and hunger strikes against the communist regime. In 1990, dissidents in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic started civil resistance against the government, but were initially crushed by the Soviet Armed Forces in the Black January massacre.
Recent nonviolent revolutions include the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, which was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the opposition movement.
Historical examples of nonviolent resistance for significant political change go back as far as Ancient Rome. [5] The majority plebeian class of Rome held general strikes and abandoned the city to force changes in the written constitution of the Republic.
Nonviolent revolution was popularized in the 20th century by the satyagraha philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi, who guided the people of India to independence from Britain. Despite the violence of the Partition of India following independence, and numerous revolutionary uprisings which were not under Gandhi's control, India's independence was achieved through legal processes after a period of national resistance rather than through a military revolution.
According to the socialist Fourth International, Karl Marx acknowledged a theoretical possibility of "peaceful" revolutions, but the Fourth International articles also say "The development and preservation of good relations with the military forces is one of the absolute priorities of preparatory revolutionary work". Some have argued that a nonviolent revolution would require fraternisation with military forces, like in the relatively nonviolent Portuguese Carnation Revolution.[6]
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A peaceful revolution or bloodless coup is an overthrow of a government that occurs without violence. If the revolutionists refuse to use violence, it is known as a nonviolent revolution. If the revolutionists are willing to use force, but the loyalists (government) negotiate or surrender to divert armed conflict, it is called a bloodless war.
Peaceful revolutions that have occurred are the Carnation Revolution of 1974 in Portugal,[7] the People Power Revolution of 1986 in the Philippines, and the Peaceful Revolution of 1989 in Germany.[8][9]
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One theory of democracy is that its main purpose is to allow peaceful revolutions. The idea is that majorities voting in elections approximate the result of a coup. In 1962, John F. Kennedy famously said, "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable."[10][11]
George Lakey in his 1973 book[12] and in his 1976 "A Manifesto for Nonviolent Revolution",[13] laid out a five-stage strategy for nonviolent revolution:[14]
Gene Sharp, who influenced many in the Arab Spring revolutions, has documented and described over 198 different methods of nonviolent action that nonviolent revolutionaries might use in struggle. He argues that no government or institution can rule without the consent of the governed or oppressed as that is the source of nonviolent power. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. argued this as well.[15]
Dates | Nonviolent revolution | Notes |
---|---|---|
1918 | Egyptian revolution | An attempt to overthrow British colonial rule.[16] |
1919 | March 1st Movement | Korea in an attempt to annul the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 and declare independence. |
1930 | Salt Satyagraha in India | An attempt to overthrow British colonial rule. |
1942 | Quit India movement | Demanding immediate independence for India from British rule. |
Dates | Nonviolent revolution | Notes |
---|---|---|
1968 | The Prague Spring | a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia. |
1989 | The Revolutions of 1989 | Even though many of these revolutions did not take place entirely in 1989, they are usually grouped together as such. |
1980–1989 | The Solidarity movement | popular resistance to communist rule, though progress is halted by the imposition of martial law. |
1987–1989/1991 | The Singing Revolution | a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a living chain across the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia), known as the Baltic Way. |
1989 | The Peaceful Revolution | in the German Democratic Republic leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall |
1989 | The Velvet Revolution | – the bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia leading to the downfall of the communist government there. |
1989 | The bloodless revolution in Bulgaria | led to the resulted in the downfall of the communist government. |
1990 | The Golaniad | a protest in Romania in April by Bucharest students who demanded a non-communist government. The protests ended in bloodshed after an intervention of miners called in by President Ion Iliescu (June 1990 Mineriad). |
1991 | 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt | led to the effect of a revolution, was mostly non-violent. |
Dates | nonviolent revolution | Country |
---|---|---|
1964 | The October Revolution | ![]() |
1952 | The Egyptian Revolution | ![]() |
1969 | The al-Fateh Revolution | ![]() |
1973 | The 1973 Afghan coup d'état | ![]() |
1974 | The Carnation Revolution | ![]() |
1985 | The April Intifada | ![]() |
1986 | The People Power Revolution | ![]() |
1990 | The Mongolian Revolution of 1990 | ![]() |
These are revolutions in post-communist authoritarian Europe and other new countries that were part of the former Soviet Union or Warsaw Pact. Each of these had massive street protests and/or followed disputed elections and led to the resignation or overthrow of leaders considered by their opponents to be authoritarian. Almost all of them used a particular colour or a flower to be their symbol of unity.
The media attention given to the color revolutions has inspired movements in the Middle East, and their supporters, to adopt similar symbology.
Drawing inspiration from the People Power Revolution of 1986 in the Philippines, as well as other succeeding color revolution movements, several South American countries experienced what were effectively non-violent revolutions.
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