Noble gas (data page)

This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus. Oganesson mostly not included due to the amount of research known about it.

Physical properties

Solid

Physical property	Helium	Neon	Argon	Krypton	Xenon	Radon
Density, solid at triple point (g/dm³)[1]	–	1444	1623	2826	3540	–
Crystal structure[2]	hcp	fcc	fcc	fcc	fcc	fcc

Liquid

Physical property	Helium	Neon	Argon	Krypton	Xenon	Radon
Density, liquid at boiling point and 1 atm (g/dm³)[1]	125.0	1207	1393.9	2415	3057	4400
Density, liquid at triple point (g/dm³)[1]	–	1247	1415	2451	3084	–
Thermal conductivity, liquid at boiling point (mW m−1 K−1)[1]	31.4	129.7	121.3	88.3	73.2	–
Dielectric constant (liquid)[3][4]	1.057[5][6]	1.191[7][8]	1.325 [9]	1.664[10]	1.880[11]	—

Gas

Physical property	Helium	Neon	Argon	Krypton	Xenon	Radon
Density, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (g/dm³)[2]	0.1786	0.9002	1.7818	3.708	5.851	9.97
Thermal conductivity at 0 °C (J s−1 m−1 K−1)[12]	0.1418	0.0461	0.0169	0.00874	0.00506	0.0036[13]
Mean free path at STP (nm)[2]	192.66	135.36	68.33	52.34	37.88	–
Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg) [12]	8.61	10.5	33.6	59.4	108.1	230
Magnetic susceptibility (cgs units per mole)[2]	−0.0000019	−0.0000072	−0.0000194	−0.000028	−0.000043	–
Heat capacity, Cp, gas at 1 atm (J mol−1 K−1)[1]	20.78	20.79	20.85	20.95	21.01	21
Sonic velocity at 0 °C and 1 atm (m/s)[1]	973	433	307.8	213	168	–
Thermal conductivity, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (mW m−1 K−1)[1]	141.84	46.07	16.94	8.74	5.06	3.6[13]
Molar refraction (D line, cm3)[14]	0.521	1.004	4.203	6.397	10.435	–
Dielectric constant (gas)[15]	1.0000684[16]	1.00013[17]	1.000516[18]	–	–	–
van der Waals constant a (L2bar/mol2)[15]	0.03412	0.2107	1.345	2.318	4.194	–
van der Waals constant b (L/mol)[15]	0.02370	0.01709	0.03219	0.03978	0.05105	–

Phase changes and critical properties

Physical property	Helium	Neon	Argon	Krypton	Xenon	Radon
Boiling point (°C)[2]	−268.8	−245.9	−185.8	−151.7	−106.6	−61.7
Boiling point (K)	4.15	27.15	87.15	121.2	165.2	211.3
Melting point (°C)[2]	−272	−248.5	−189.6	−157.4	−111.5	−71.0
Melting point (K)	1.15	24.65	83.55	115.75	161.65	202.15
Critical temperature (K)[2]	5.25	44.5	150.85	209.35	289.74	378.15
Critical pressure (atm)[2]	2.26	26.9	48.3	54.3	57.64	62
Critical density (g/mL)[2]	0.0693	0.484	0.536	0.908	1.100	–
Triple point temperature (K)[1]	2.19[19]	24.562	83.80	115.76	161.37	202
Triple point pressure (kPa)[1]	5.1[19]	43.37	68.90	73.15	81.66	70

Atomic properties

Atomic property	Helium	Neon	Argon	Krypton	Xenon	Radon	Oganesson
Atomic number[12]	2	10	18	36	54	86	118
Standard atomic weight[12]	4.002602(2)	20.1797(6)	39.948(1)	83.80(1)	131.29(2)	(222)	(294)
Number of natural isotopes[12]	2	3	3	6	9	4	0
Outer shell electron configuration[12]	1s2	2s22p6	3s23p6	4s24p6	5s25p6	6s26p6	7s27p6
Atomic radius (pm)[2]	31	38	71	88	108	120	138
Ionization energy (kJ/mol)[12]	2372	2080	1520	1351	1170	1037	839
Static polarizability[2] (Å3)	0.204	0.392	1.63	2.465	4.01	–	–
Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE)	4.16	4.79	3.24	2.97	2.58	2.60	–

Abundance

Abundance	Helium	Neon	Argon	Krypton	Xenon	Radon	Oganesson
Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[20]	2343	2.148	0.1025	5.515 × 10−5	5.391 × 10−6	–	–
Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[21]	5.20	18.20	9340.00	1.10	0.09	(0.06–18) × 10−19	0
Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[12]	3 × 10−3	7 × 10−5	4 × 10−2	–	–	1.7 × 10−10	0

Economic data

Gas	2004 price (USD/m3)[1]
Helium (industrial grade)	4.20–4.90
Helium (laboratory grade)	22.300–44.90
Argon	2.70–8.50
Neon	60–120
Krypton	400–500
Xenon	4000–5000

Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, is generally produced by a radium-226 source in secular equilibrium.^[22] Oganesson is almost impossible to produce and with a very short half life, it is generally not readily available for purchase.

References and notes

1. Shuen-Chen Hwang; Robert D. Lein; Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 978-0471238966.
2. "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
3. Amey, R. L. (1964). "Dielectric Constants of Liquefied Noble Gases and Methane". Journal of Chemical Physics. 40 (1): 146–148. Bibcode:1964JChPh..40..146A. doi:10.1063/1.1724850.
4. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. Haynes, William M.,, Lide, David R., 1928-, Bruno, Thomas J. (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016-06-22. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3. OCLC 957751024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
5. at 1.5–2.5 K
6. Chase, C.E.; Maxwell, E.; Millett, W.E. (December 1961). "The dielectric constant of liquid helium". Physica. 27 (12): 1129–1145. Bibcode:1961Phy....27.1129C. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(61)90054-4.
7. at 26.11 K
8. "Dielectric Constant | The Elements Handbook at KnowledgeDoor". KnowledgeDoor. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
9. at 140 K
10. at 119.80K
11. at 161K
12. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
13. Generalic, Eni,"Radon," EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 27 May 2013. KTF-Split. (accessed 30 May 2013).
14. Peter Häussinger; Reinhard Glatthaar; Wilhelm Rhode; Helmut Kick; Christian Benkmann; Josef Weber; Hans-Jörg Wunschel; Viktor Stenke; Edith Leicht; Hermann Stenger (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 978-3527306732.
15. Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
16. <3 × 10⁶ Hz at 140 °C
17. 10⁶ Hz at 0°C
18. 10¹⁵ Hz at 20°C
19. Lambda point for pure ⁴He from Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6
20. Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2): 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492. S2CID 42498829. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
21. "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
22. Collé, R; Kishore, Raj (1997-06-11). "An update on the NIST radon-in-water standard generator: its performance efficacy and long-term stability". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 391 (3): 511–528. Bibcode:1997NIMPA.391..511C. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00572-X.