No. 656 Squadron AAC

656 Squadron AAC is a squadron of the British Army's Army Air Corps. It was chosen as one of the AAC new AgustaWestland Apache squadrons and in April 2004 started its conversion to role. The first phase of this completed in October 2004. The squadron was the first operational Apache squadron in the Army Air Corps and was awarded fully operational status along with the remainder of 9 Regiment AAC in June 2005. It is under 4 Regiment AAC as of 2007.^[1]

656 Squadron AAC No. 656 Squadron RAF
Apache pilot of 656 Sqn (2009)
Active	31 Dec 1942 – 15 Jan 1947 (RAF) 29 Jun 1948 – 1 Sep 1957 (RAF) 1 Sep 1957 – present
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	British Army
Type	Aviation
Part of	4 Regiment Army Air Corps
Motto(s)	Latin: Volans et videns ("Flying and seeing")
Aircraft flown
Attack helicopter	Boeing AH64E Apache

It was formerly No. 656 Squadron RAF, an air observation post unit of the Royal Air Force in India and Burma during the Second World War and afterwards in British Malaya. Numbers 651 to 663 Squadron of the RAF were air observation post units working closely with British Army units in artillery spotting and liaison. Their duties and squadron numbers were transferred to the Army with the formation of the Army Air Corps on 1 September 1957^[2][3] With this it became 656 Light Aircraft Squadron Army Air Corps.

History

Royal Air Force

Formation and Second World War

No. 656 Squadron was formed at RAF Westley on 31 December 1942.^[4] It embarked for India in August 1943 and went into action during the Burma campaign with the Fourteenth Army. Several officers were decorated, among them Captain Edward Maslen-Jones who was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Military Cross.^[5]

The squadron's motto was Latin: Volans et videns (Translation: "Flying and seeing")^[6] and it's identification symbol was "In front of two gun barrels in saltire, a Chinthe head".^[6]

The squadron was to take part in the Allied invasion of Malaya, but the Japanese surrendered before this took place and the squadron disbanded on 15 January 1947.

An Auster Mk.V, restored in wartime colours.

Date	Location	Notes		Date	Location	Notes		Date	Location	Notes
31 December 1942	RAF Westley	formed		12 April 1944	Dimapur, India			24 September 1945	Kelanang
16 March 1943	RAF Stapleford Tawney			24 June 1944	Ranchi, India			14 November 1945	Kuala Lumpur (Noble Field), Malaysia	RMAF Subang Air Base?
31 August 1943	to Far East			18 October 1944	Palel, India			15 January 1946	Kemajoran, Indonesia
15 September 1943	Worli, India			4 January 1945	Kalemyo, Myanmar			28 November 1946	Kuala Lumpur (Noble Field), Malaysia
21 September 1943	Juhu, India			14 February 1945	Monywa			15 January 1947	disbanded
1 October 1943	Deolali, India			26 April 1945	Meiktila
29 January 1944	Maunghnama, India			16 May 1945	Mingaladon
8 February 1944	Bawli, India			17 June 1945	Coimbatore, India

Reformation and Operation Firedog

The squadron reformed from No. 1914 Flight RAF on 29 June 1948 at Sembawang in Malaya and served in British Malaya to support Army and Police against Communist guerillas before it went over to Army control in September 1957. 656 Squadron performed a total of 143,000 operations in Malaya during Operation Firedog.

No. 1914 Air Observation Post Flight was formed within 656 Squadron.^[7]

Date	Location	Notes
29 June 1948	Sembawang	reformed
17 August 1949	Changi
12 April 1950	Kuala Lumpur
1 September 1957	disbanded

An AOP.9 at Farnborough, September 1956.

Aircraft operated by No. 656 Squadron RAF, data from^[8][9]

From	To	Aircraft	Variant
January 1943	August 1943	de Havilland Tiger Moth	MII
January 1943	March 1943	Taylorcraft Auster	I
February 1943	August 1943	Auster	III
November 1943	June 1945	Auster	III
October 1944	June 1945	Auster	IV
February 1945	January 1947	Auster	V
June 1948	May 1951	Auster	V
July 1950	April 1956	Auster	AOP.6
September 1955	September 1957	Auster	AOP.9

Army Air Corps

The squadron then reformed as an AAC Squadron on 1 September 1957. 656 Light Aircraft Squadron's time in the Far East continued with tours in Singapore, Borneo and Hong Kong.

With the exception of 2 flights, the squadron was disbanded in 1977 and finally returned to the UK to be reformed in Farnborough, from where it participated in Operation Agila (Rhodesia) and Operation Corporate (The Falklands War) in 1982.

Falklands War

Following the landings at San Carlos on 21 May and prior to the arrival of 5th Infantry Brigade a week later, three Scouts from 656 Squadron were under the operational command of 3 Cdo Bde RM alongside the six Scouts of B Flight, 3 Commando Brigade Air Squadron RM.<Naval History, Landings at San Carlos Water – Summary of Main Events and Main Units> When 5 Infantry Brigade landed, these three Scouts reverted to under command of 656 Squadron on 1 June and joined up with three additional Scouts from the squadron. During the Falklands conflict, the Scout was engaged in CASEVAC, re-supply and Special Forces insertion roles. One aircraft, XT629, was one of two Scouts of B Flight, 3 Commando Brigade Air Squadron, that was attacked by two FMA IA 58 Pucarás (the only Argentine air-to-air victory in the war) of Grupo 3 near Camilla Creek House, North of Goose Green. XT629 was hit by cannon fire and crashed, killing the pilot and severing the leg of the crewman, who was thrown clear of the wreckage on impact. The second Scout evaded the Pucarás and later returned to the site to CASEVAC the survivor. Another Scout, XR628, of 656 Sqn AAC, suffered a main rotor gearbox failure whilst in a low hover over MacPhee Pond, 8 June 1982. XR628 had taken cover as two pairs of A-4 Skyhawks from Grupo 5 approached, these aircraft later attacked the RFA LSLs Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram at Bluff Cove. Once the threat had passed the pilot Sgt R Kalinski PARA began to climb away, the main gearbox failed at the main input drive and the aircraft made a forced landing at the lakeside in around four feet of freezing cold water. The two crew and three passengers, SSgt Ward NCO AAC Sigs, R D Braithwaite & Airtrooper Colin Badgery (LMG Gun group) – all of whom were Army Air Corps personnel – were picked up by another 656 Sqn Scout piloted by Capt J G Greenhalgh and his crewman air gunner later that day. The aircraft was eventually recovered and airlifted to Fitzroy by Seaking on 11 June, but was subsequently written off on its return to the UK. Following research at the National Archive, Kew, it has been determined that XR628 was the same aircraft that was shot down, 26 May 1964, carrying 3 Para CO Lt Col Farrar-Hockley.

Scouts armed with SS.11 anti-tank missiles were used to great effect during the Falklands campaign. On 14 June 1982, an Argentine 105 mm Pack Howitzer battery dug in to the West of Stanley Racecourse was firing at the Scots Guards as they approached Mount Tumbledown. As the guns were out of range of the Milan ATGWs of nearby 2 Para, their 2IC, Major Chris Keeble, contacted Capt J G Greenhalgh of 656 Sqn AAC on the radio and requested a HELARM using SS.11 missiles to attack on them. As he was engaged in ammunition re-supply, his Scout was not fitted with missile booms. This was in order to reduce weight and increase the aircraft lift capability. Capt Greenhalgh then returned to Estancia House, where his aircraft was refuelled, fitted out, and armed with four missiles in 20 minutes with the rotors still turning. An 'O' group was then held with the crews of two Scouts of 3 CBAS and Capt Greenhalgh took off on a reconnaissance mission, while the other aircraft were fitted out and readied. Within 20 minutes, he had located the target and carried out a detailed recce of the area. He fired two missiles at the enemy positions and then returned to a pre-arranged RV to meet up and guide in the other two Scouts. The three aircraft, positioned 100 metres apart, then fired a total of ten missiles (nine missiles hit, one failed) from the ridge overlooking the Argentine positions 3000m away and succeeded in hitting the howitzers, nearby bunkers, an ammunition dump and the command post. The Argentine troops returned mortar fire, a round landing directly in front of Capt Greenhalgh's Scout.

In the early hours of 6 June 1982, a Gazelle helicopter (serial no. XX377) was shot down over Pleasant Peak by HMS Cardiff in a friendly fire incident.^[10] All four occupants were killed, the pilot Staff Sergeant Christopher Griffin, his crewman Lance Corporal Simon Cockton and two passengers from 205 Signal Squadron of the Royal Corps of Signals, Major Michael Forge and Staff Sergeant John Baker. The contributing factors were a lack of an "Identification Friend or Foe" transmitter on the helicopter and poor communication between the army and navy.^[11][12] The number "205" was later painted at the crash site (51.783600°S 58.467786°W / -51.783600; -58.467786) as a memorial.

Subsequent history

An Apache helicopter from 4 Regiment, 656 Squadron Army Air Corps, during live firing training at Otterburn Ranges in Northumberland.

After a short stay at Netheravon as part of 7 Regt AAC, the squadron relocated to Dishforth as one of the Anti Tank Squadrons of 9 Regt AAC in 1993. The squadron was chosen as one of the AAC new Apache squadrons and in April 2004 started its conversion to role. The first phase of this completed in October 2004. The squadron was the first operational Apache squadron in the Army Air Corps and reached fully operational status along with the remainder of 9 Regt AAC in June 2005.

Since this the squadron has carried out, various exercises in support of Maritime the most notable being exercise "Pixus" in support of HMS Ocean in September – October 2005. The squadron was then moved back to a land role in preparation for deployment. 2006 saw the squadron act as lead aviation for the deployment to Afghanistan in May.

The squadron's deployments to Afghanistan in May 2006 and again in May 2007 have been documented and brought into the public eye by the books of former squadron weapons officer, WO1 Ed Macy, Apache and Hellfire. In 2007, it became part of 4 Regiment, Army Air Corps.^[13]

In May 2011, several of its Apache helicopters are deployed on the Response Force Task Group COUGAR 11 deployment.^[14] They are now re-deployed to Operation Unified Protector.^[15] In October 2013, Apache Helicopters from 656 AAC launched from HMS Illustrious as part of the Response Force Task Group's COUGAR 13 deployment.^[16]

The squadron has since converted to the new Boeing AH64E Apache.

See also

• 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident
• List of Army Air Corps aircraft units

References

Citations

1. "Army Air Corps".
2. Halley 1988, p. 444.
3. Jefford 2001, pp. 102–105.
4. Maslen-Jones 1997, pp. 4 and 172.
5. Michael Ashcroft (13 September 2012). Heroes of the Skies. Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-6391-9.
6. Halley 1988, pp. 445–446.
7. Lake 1999, p. 100.
8. Halley 1988, p. 447.
9. Jefford 2001, pp. 103–104.
10. "Stanley, Mount Kent, Mount Longdon, Top Malo House in Falkland Area Operations – Falklands War 1982". Naval History Net. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
11. Bolia 2004, pp. 66-72.
12. Masakowski 2007, p. 197.
13. "Army Air Corps".
14. "Cougar". Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
15. "Apaches get ready to help protect Libyan civilians".
16. "Joint helicopter operations on Cougar 13 | Royal Navy". Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.

Bibliography

• Bolia, Robert S. "The Falklands War: The Bluff Cove Disaster" Military Review November–December 2004.
• Flintham, Vic; Thomas, Andrew (2003). Combat Codes: A Full Explanation and Listing of British, Commonwealth and Allied Air Force Unit Codes since 1938. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-281-8.
• Halley, James J. (1988). The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
• Jefford, C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 (2nd ed.). Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85310-053-6.
• Lake, Alan (1999). Flying units of the RAF. Shrewsbury: Airlife. ISBN 1-84037-086-6.
• Masakowski, Yvonne with Malcolm Cook and Jan Noyes. Decision-making in Complex Environments. Cardiff, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7546-4950-4.
• Maslen-Jones, E.W., MC, DFC. (1997). Fire by Order: Recollections of Service with 656 Air Observation Post Squadron in Burma. Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper/Pen And Sword Books. ISBN 0-85052-557-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Warner, Guy (2013). From Auster to Apache: The history of 656 Squadron RAF/AAC 1942–2012. Barnsley, UK: Pen And Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-78159-098-0.

External links

• 656 Squadron Association
• Squadron histories for nos. 651–670 squadron on RAFWeb