Nighthawk

This article is about the bird. For the plane, see Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. For the painting by Edward Hopper, see Nighthawks (Hopper). For other uses, see Nighthawk (disambiguation).

The nighthawk is a nocturnal bird of the subfamily Chordeilinae, within the nightjar family, Caprimulgidae, native to the western hemisphere. The term "nighthawk", first recorded in the King James Bible of 1611, was originally a local name in England for the European nightjar. Its use in the Americas to refer to members of the genus Chordeiles and related genera was first recorded in 1778.^[1]

Nighthawk
Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Caprimulgiformes
Family:	Caprimulgidae
Subfamily:	Chordeilinae
Genera
Nyctiprogne Lurocalis Chordeiles

Nighthawks are medium-sized birds with long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They usually nest on the ground. They feed on flying insects. The least nighthawk, at 16 centimetres (6.3 in) and 23 grams (0.81 oz), is the smallest of all Caprimulgiformes.

Nightjars are sometimes referred to as goatsuckers from the mistaken belief that they suck milk from goats (the Latin for goatsucker is Caprimulgus).

In October 2018, the University of Alberta published research on the common nighthawk revealing that it travels 20,000 km (12,000 mi) every year during migration between the rainforests and savannas of Brazil and its breeding grounds in northern Alberta.^[2]

Nighthawks have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves. Some species perch facing along a branch, rather than across it as birds usually do. This helps to conceal them during the day. The female lays two patterned eggs directly onto bare ground.

They are mostly active in the late evening and early morning or at night and feed on moths and other large flying insects. The bill opens very wide and has a slightly hooked upper tip.

Nighthawks are similar in most respects to the nightjars, but have shorter bills and plumage that is less soft. Nighthawks are less strictly nocturnal than many nightjars and may be seen hunting when there is still light in the sky.

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  Nighthawk wing markings
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  A nighthawk resting on a branch

Taxonomy and systematics

Image	Genus	Living species
	Nyctiprogne Bonaparte, 1857	Band-tailed nighthawk, Nyctiprogne leucopyga Plain-tailed nighthawk, Nyctiprogne vielliardi
	Lurocalis Cassin, 1851	Rufous-bellied nighthawk Lurocalis rufiventris Short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus
	Chordeiles Swainson, 1832	Nacunda nighthawk, Chordeiles nacunda Antillean nighthawk, Chordeiles gundlachii Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor Least nighthawk, Chordeiles pusillus Sand-colored nighthawk, Chordeiles rupestris

References

1. "Nighthawk". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
2. Willis, Katie (October 1, 2018). "Scientists track nighthawks' migration route in search of clues to species' steep decline". Phys.org. Retrieved October 1, 2018.