Nepenthes gymnamphora

"Nepenthes melamphora" redirects here. For other uses, see Nepenthes melamphora (disambiguation).

Nepenthes gymnamphora /nɪˈpɛnθiːz dʒɪmˈnæmfɔːrə/ is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. It has a wide altitudinal range of 600–2,800 metres (2,000–9,200 ft) above sea level.^[3] There is much debate surrounding the taxonomic status of this species and the taxa N. pectinata and N. xiphioides.^[4]

Nepenthes gymnamphora
Intermediate pitchers of N. gymnamphora from Sumatra
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Caryophyllales
Family:	Nepenthaceae
Genus:	Nepenthes
Species:	N. gymnamphora
Binomial name
Nepenthes gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees (1824)
Synonyms
Synonyms ?Nepenthes glabra Lindl. ex Rafarin (1869) Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. ex Blume (1852)[1] nom.illeg. Nepenthes melamphora auct. non Reinw. ex Blume: Hook.f. (1859)[2] [=N. gymnamphora/N. khasiana] Nepenthes melamphora var. haematamphora (Miq.) Miq. (1858) Nepenthes melamphora var. lucida Blume (1852)[1] Nepenthes melamphora var. tomentella Becc. (1886) Nepenthes pectinata Danser (1928) [=N. gymnamphora/N. singalana] Nepenthes phyllamphora auct. non Willd.: Reinw. ex Miq. (1858) Nepenthes rafflesiana auct. non Jack: Haberl. (1893) Nepenthes rancing Hort. ex B.R.Salmon & Maulder (1995) nom.illeg. Nepenthes rhombicaulis auct. non Sh.Kurata: K.Kondo & M.Kondo (1983) Nepenthes rosulata Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. Nepenthes singalana auct. non Becc.: Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) [=N. bongso/N. densiflora?/N. gymnamphora/ N. lavicola/N. singalana/N. spathulata] Nepenthes spinosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. gymnamphora/N. sumatrana] Nepenthes xiphioides B.R.Salmon & Maulder (1995)

The specific epithet gymnamphora is derived from the Greek words gymnos (naked) and amphoreus (pitcher).^[4]

Taxonomy

An illustration of the type specimen of N. pectinata from Danser's monograph

The N. gymnamphora group of related taxa has been variously interpreted as comprising a single extremely variable species (N. gymnamphora);^[4][5][6] two distinct species, one from Java (N. gymnamphora) and one from Sumatra (N. pectinata);^[7][8] or two species, one with a wide distribution covering Java and Sumatra (N. gymnamphora) and one with a very restricted range in Sumatra (N. xiphioides).^[9] An additional fourth undescribed taxon, known from Mount Sorik Merapi in Sumatra, may also fall within N. gymnamphora.^[4]

Nepenthes pectinata

Nepenthes pectinata^[a] was described by B. H. Danser in his seminal 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".^[10] Danser's description of N. pectinata was based on material that included upper pitchers of N. singalana.^[4] This was first noted in 1994 by Jan Schlauer and Joachim Nerz, who provided a lectotype for N. pectinata: Bünnemeijer 700, a specimen collected on Mount Talakmau.^[8][11]

Danser mentioned another specimen in his monograph that he identified as the natural hybrid N. pectinata × N. singalana,^[10] but which actually represented a pure N. singalana.^[4][8]

Nepenthes pectinata has a separate conservation status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.^[12]

Nepenthes xiphioides

Nepenthes xiphioides^[b] was described by Bruce Salmon and Ricky Maulder in a 1995 issue of the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter.^[9] The authors treated N. pectinata as conspecific with N. gymnamphora, and distinguished N. xiphioides from the latter based on a number of characters shown in the table below.

Morphological differences between N. gymnamphora and N. xiphioides according to Salmon & Maulder (1995)^[9]

Morphological character	N. gymnamphora	N. xiphioides
Longitudinal leaf veins	3-6 running in outer 2/3- 4/5 of blade	2-3 running in outer 1/2 of blade
Leaf margins	covered with short dense hair	glabrous
Rosette leaf tendril	about as long as the pitcher	2-3 times as long as the leaf
Rosette pitchers	8–12 centimetres (3–5 in) tall, 3–4 centimetres (1–2 in) broad	4–5.5 centimetres (1.6–2.2 in) tall, 1.5–2 centimetres (0.6–0.8 in) broad
Aerial pitchers	present	absent
Peristome teeth	3-6 times as long as broad	6-8 times as long as broad
Inflorescence	mostly 2 flowered, upper most ones 1 flowered; rarely most or all of them 1 flowered	1 flowered but bearing some 2 flowered pedicels in lower 1/3
Staminal column	hairy at base or over whole length	glabrous

Infraspecific taxa

• Nepenthes gymnamphora var. haematamphora Miq. (1851)
• Nepenthes gymnamphora var. pectinata (Danser) Hort.Westphal (1999) in sched.

Natural hybrids

• N. bongso × N. gymnamphora^[4]
• N. gymnamphora × N. mikei^[9] [=N. × pangulubauensis]
• N. gymnamphora × N. ovata^[9]
• N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana^[4]
• ? N. gymnamphora × N. rhombicaulis^[5]
• N. gymnamphora × N. singalana^[4]
• N. gymnamphora × N. spathulata^[4]
• N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilis^[4]
• N. gymnamphora × N. talangensis^[4]

• 
  ? N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilis

Notes

a.^{^} Nepenthes pectinata is pronounced /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌpɛktɪˈnɑːtə/. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word pectinata, meaning "comb-shaped".

b.^{^} Nepenthes xiphioides is pronounced /nɪˈpɛnθiːz zɪfiːˈɔɪdiːz/. The specific epithet is derived from the Neo-Latin word xiphius (sword) and the Latin ending -oides (resembling), and refers to the long, thin teeth lining the inner margin of the peristome of this species.^[9]

References

1. (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
2. Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x
3. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
4. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
5. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
6. Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes gymnamphora Archived 2011-06-17 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Database.
7. Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
8. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
9. Salmon, B.R. & R.G. Maulder 1995. Two New Species of Nepenthes from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 24(3): 77–85.
10. Danser, B.H. 1928. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
11. Schlauer, J. & J. Nerz 1994. Notes on Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). I. Contributions to the Flora of Sumatra. Blumea 39: 139–142.
12. Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes pectinata. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.

Further reading

• Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. "The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
• Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
• Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba 2000. Nepenthes gymnamphora. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 10 May 2006.
• Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
• Hakim, L., A.Y. Wartono, J. Batoro & N. Nakagoshi 2006. Nepenthes gymnamphora Nees in East Java, Indonesia: Recent distribution status and new locality from Mt. Semeru. Hikobia 14(4): 493–497.
• (in Indonesian) Handayani, T. 1999. "Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia" (PDF). [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
• Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
• Jebb, M. 1994. NEPENTHES revision for Flora Malesiana. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 9, 1994.
• Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
• Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
• (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. "Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-19. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
• Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
• (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. "Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l." (PDF). Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
• Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
• Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
• Menzel, R. 1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. II. Über den tierischen Inhalt der Kannen von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw. mit besonderer berücksichtigung der Nematoden. Treubia 3: 116–122.
• Micoletzky, H. & R. Menzel 1928. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Mikrofauna von Niederländisch Ost-Indien. VII. Anguillula nepenthicola Menzel aus kannen von Nepenthes gymnaphora Nees bei Tjibodas. Treubia 10: 285–290.
• (in Indonesian) Mulyanto, H., D. Cahyuningdari & A.D. Setyawan 2000. Kantung semar (Nepenthes sp.) di lereng Gunung Merbabu. [Insectivore plants Nepenthes sp. at Mount Merbabu.] Biodiversitas 1(2): 54–58. Cover
• van Oye, P. 1921. Zur Biologie der Kanne von Nepenthes melamphora Reinw.. Biologisches Zentralblatt 41: 529–534.
• (in Indonesian) Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat. [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156. Cover
• Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
• Schlauer, J. 1995. Re: N.xiphioides + N.mikei. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List, September 26, 1995.
• Shivas, R.G. 1984. "Three Nepenthes from the Padang Highlands" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(1): 10–15.
• (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
• (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
• Whitten, T., S.J. Damanik, J. Anwar & N. Hisyam 2000. The Ecology of Sumatra. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong.
• (in Indonesian) Yogiara 2004. "Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (Nepenthes spp.) menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA)" (PDF). M.Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
• Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006. A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid. Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11(1): 9–14.

External links

• Photographs of N. gymnamphora at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder
• Documentary film about N. gymnamphora