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A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically, narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and are threatened by their children's growing independence.[1] This results in a pattern of narcissistic attachment, in which the parent believes that the child exists solely to fulfill the parent's needs and wishes. A narcissistic parent will often try to control his or her children with threats and emotional abuse. Narcissistic parenting adversely affects children's psychological development, affecting their reasoning and their emotional, ethical, and societal behaviors and attitudes. Personal boundaries are often disregarded so the narcissistic parent can mold and manipulate the child to satisfy the parent's expectations.[citation needed]
Narcissistic people have low self-esteem and feel the need to control how others regard them, fearing that otherwise they will be blamed or rejected and that their personal inadequacies will be exposed. Narcissistic parents are self-absorbed, often to the point of grandiosity. They also tend to be inflexible and lack the empathy necessary for child raising.[2]
Narcissism, as described in Sigmund Freud’s clinical study, includes behaviors such as self-aggrandizement, self-esteem, vulnerability, fear of failure, fear of losing people's affection, reliance on defense mechanisms, perfectionism, and interpersonal conflict.[3]
To maintain their self-esteem and protect their vulnerable true selves, narcissists seek to control others' behavior, particularly that of their children, whom they view as extensions of themselves. Thus, narcissistic parents may speak of "carrying the torch", maintaining the family image, or making the mother or father proud.[4] They may reproach their children for exhibiting weakness, being too dramatic, being selfish, or not meeting expectations.[5] Children of narcissists learn to play their part and to show off their special skills, especially in public or for others.[6] They typically do not have many memories of feeling loved or appreciated for being themselves. Instead, they associate their experience of love and appreciation with conforming to the demands of the narcissistic parent.[citation needed]
Destructive narcissistic parents have a pattern of consistently needing to be the focus of attention, exaggerating, seeking compliments, and putting their children down. Punishment in the form of blame, criticism or emotional blackmail, and attempts to induce guilt may be used to ensure compliance with the parent's wishes and fuel his or her need for narcissistic supply.[5]
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Narcissism tends to play out intergenerationally, with narcissistic parents producing either narcissistic or codependent children.[7][6] While a self-confident parent, or good-enough parent, can allow a child autonomous development, the narcissistic parent may instead use the child to promote his or her own image.[8][6] A parent concerned with self-enhancement, or with being mirrored and admired by their child, may leave the child feeling like a puppet to the parent's emotional and intellectual demands.
Children of a narcissistic parent may not be supportive of others in the home. Observing the parent's behavior, the child learns that manipulation and guilt are effective strategies for getting what he or she wants. The child may also develop a false self and use aggression and intimidation to get his or her way. Or instead, the child may invest in opposite behaviors if he or she has observed them among friends and other families. When a child of a narcissistic parent experiences safe, real love or sees the example played out in other families, he or she may identify and act on the differences between his or her life and that of a child in a healthy family. For example, volatility and a lack of empathy at home may increase a child's empathy and desire to be respectful. Similarly, intense emotional control and disrespect for boundaries at home may increase a child's value for emotional expression and his or her desire to extend respect to others. The child observes the narcissistic parent's behavior and is often on the receiving end of that behavior. When an alternative arises to the pain and distress caused at home, the child may choose to focus on more comforting, safety-inducing behaviors.
Some common issues in narcissistic parenting result from a lack of appropriate, responsible nurturing. This may lead to a child feeling empty, feeling insecure in loving relationships, developing fears, mistrusting others, experiencing identity conflict, and developing commitment issues.[5]
Sensitive, guilt-ridden children in the family may learn to meet the parent's needs for gratification and seek love by accommodating the parent's wishes. The child's normal feelings are ignored, denied, and eventually repressed in attempts to gain the parent's "love". Guilt and shame keep the child locked in a developmental arrest. Aggressive impulses and rage may become split off and not integrated with normal development. Some children develop a false self as a defense mechanism and become codependent in relationships. A child's unconscious denial of his or her true self may perpetuate a cycle of self-hatred, in which he or she fears any reminder of the authentic self.
Narcissistic parenting may also lead to children being either victims or bullies, having a poor or overly inflated body image, using or abusing drugs or alcohol, or acting out (in a potentially harmful manner) for attention.
In most cases, a narcissist will select one child in the family to be the Golden Child and another child to be the Scapegoat. The Golden Child becomes an extension of the narcissist, who lives vicariously through him or her. As a result, many golden children do not develop a healthy sense of self and struggle with boundaries. Scapegoats, on the other hand, become the receptacle for all the negative emotions of the narcissistic parent, who blames him or her for everything that goes wrong in the family.
Short-term and long-term effects
Because of their vulnerability, children are extremely affected by the behavior of a narcissistic parent.[9] A narcissistic parent will often abuse the normal parental role of guiding children and being the primary decision-maker in a child's life, becoming overly possessive and controlling. This possessiveness and excessive control weaken the child; the parent sees the child simply as an extension of the parent.[10] This may affect the child's imagination and level of curiosity, and the child often develops an extrinsic style of motivation. This heightened level of control may be due to the narcissistic parent's need to maintain the child's dependence on him or her.[10]
Narcissistic parents are quick to anger,[9] putting their children at risk for physical and emotional abuse.[11] To avoid anger and punishment, children of abusive parents often resort to complying with their parent's every demand.[12] This affects both the child's well-being and ability to make logical decisions on his or her own, and as adults, such individuals often lack self-confidence and the ability to gain control over their lives. Identity crisis, loneliness, and struggle with self-expression are also commonly seen in children raised by a narcissistic parent.[10] The struggle to discover one's self as an adult stems from the substantial amount of projective identification that the now adult experiences as a child.[10] Because of excessive identification with the parent, the child may never get the opportunity to experience their own identity.
Mental health effects
Studies have found that children of narcissistic parents have significantly higher rates of depression and lower self-esteem during adulthood than those who did not perceive their caregivers as narcissistic.[10] The parent's lack of empathy towards their child contributes to this, as the child's desires are often denied, their feelings restrained, and their overall emotional well-being ignored.[10]
Children of narcissistic parents are taught to submit and conform, causing them to lose touch of themselves as individuals. This can lead to the child possessing very few memories of feeling appreciated or loved by their parents for being themselves, as they instead associate the love and appreciation with conformity.[10] Children may benefit with distance from the narcissistic parent. Some children of narcissistic parents resort to leaving home during adolescence if they grow to view the relationship with their parent(s) as toxic.[11]
The results of a prior study indicated that narcissistic parenting behaviours have an impact on children's self-esteem far into adulthood. A lot of respondents also mentioned that they needed the approval or affirmation of others in order to feel competent or deserving, and some said that their sense of self depended entirely on how "successful" they perceived themselves to be in terms of their appearance, social life, or academic or professional accomplishments. Respondents also mentioned how these consequences affected their friendships and romantic relationships as adults, and one participant raised concern for how these effects would affect her children.[13]
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