Nebulin-related-anchoring protein (N-RAP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRAP gene. N-RAP is a muscle-specific isoform belonging to the nebulin family of proteins. This family is composed of 5 members: N-RAP, nebulin, nebulette, LASP-1 and LASP-2. N-RAP is involved in both myofibrillar myogenesis during development and cell-cell connections in mature muscle.[5][6][7][8]
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N-RAP is a 197 kDa protein composed of 1730 amino acids.[9][10] As a member of the nebulin family of proteins, N-RAP is characterized by 35 amino acid stretches of ‘‘nebulin repeats’’, which are actin binding domains containing a conserved SDxxYK motif.[11] Like nebulin, groups of seven single repeats within N-RAP form “super repeats”, which incorporate a single conserved motif WLKGIGW at the end of the third repeat.[12] A unique feature of NRAP relative to nebulin is its N-terminal cysteine-rich LIM domain, a feature shared with LASP-1 and LASP-2.[8]
An important role has been implicated for N-RAP in myofibrilar organization during cardiomyocyte development. It is clear that NRAP is critical for normal α-actinin-dependent organization of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes, as knock-down of N-RAP protein levels causes myofbrillar disassembly in embryonic cardiomyocytes.[13] Specifically, studies suggest that NRAP super repeats may be an essential scaffold for organizing alpha-actinin and actin into sarcomereic I-Z-I complexes in premyofibrils,[14] and dynamic imaging studies have shown that N-RAP departs from the I-Z-I complexes upon completion of actin thin filament assembly.[15] In adult cardiac muscle, N-RAP colocalizes to intercalated discs,[16] where it functions to anchor terminal actin filaments to the sarcolemma. It has been suggested that its role in adult muscle is force transduction from the sarcomere to the extracellular matrix.[17]
Though no known direct link exists between N-RAP mutations and human cardiomyopathies, N-RAP has been shown to be significantly upregulated in murine models of dilated cardiomyopathy.[18][19] This has been hypothesized to be an adaptive response to correct for disorganized actin thin filament architecture at intercalated disc junctions in cardiomyocytes during dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Luo G, Herrera AH, Horowits R (May 1999). "Molecular interactions of N-RAP, a nebulin-related protein of striated muscle myotendon junctions and intercalated disks". Biochemistry. 38 (19): 6135–43. doi:10.1021/bi982395t. PMID 10320340.
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Dhume A, Lu S, Horowits R (August 2006). "Targeted disruption of N-RAP gene function by RNA interference: a role for N-RAP in myofibril organization". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 63 (8): 493–511. doi:10.1002/cm.20141. PMID 16767749.
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- Luo G, Zhang JQ, Nguyen TP, Herrera AH, Paterson B, Horowits R (1997). "Complete cDNA sequence and tissue localization of N-RAP, a novel nebulin-related protein of striated muscle". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 38 (1): 75–90. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)38:1<75::AID-CM7>3.0.CO;2-G. PMID 9295142.
- Luo G, Leroy E, Kozak CA, Polymeropoulos MH, Horowits R (October 1997). "Mapping of the gene (NRAP) encoding N-RAP in the mouse and human genomes". Genomics. 45 (1): 229–232. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4917. PMID 9339382.
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- Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, et al. (March 2001). "Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs". Genome Research. 11 (3): 422–435. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMC 311072. PMID 11230166.
- Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, et al. (October 2004). "From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline". Genome Research. 14 (10B): 2136–2144. doi:10.1101/gr.2576704. PMC 528930. PMID 15489336.
- Witt SH, Granzier H, Witt CC, Labeit S (Jul 2005). "MURF-1 and MURF-2 target a specific subset of myofibrillar proteins redundantly: towards understanding MURF-dependent muscle ubiquitination". Journal of Molecular Biology. 350 (4): 713–22. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.021. PMID 15967462.
- Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, et al. (January 2006). "The LIFEdb database in 2006". Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (Database issue): D415–D418. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj139. PMC 1347501. PMID 16381901.
- "Mass spectrometry characterization of human NRAP". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB)..Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, et al. (October 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–1053. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.