Musi River (Indonesia)

The Musi River (Indonesian: Sungai Musi) is a river in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia.^[8] It flows from south-west to north-east, from the Barisan Mountains range that form the backbone of Sumatra, in Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province, to the Bangka Strait that forms an extension of the South China Sea. The Musi is about 750 kilometers long, and drains most of South Sumatra province. After flowing through Palembang, the provincial capital, it joins with several other rivers, including the Banyuasin River, to form a delta near the town of Sungsang. The river, dredged to a depth of about 8 meters,^[5] is navigable by large ships as far as Palembang, which is the site of major port facilities used primarily for the export of petroleum, rubber and palm oil.

Musi River Sungai Musi, Air Musi, Musi River, Palembang River, Sungai Palembang, Air Moesi, Kali Musi
Ampera Bridge over the Musi River
Location of river mouth Show map of Sumatra Musi River (Indonesia) (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia
Location
Country	South Sumatra, Indonesia
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Barisan Mountains, Kepahiang, Bengkulu
• coordinates	3°24′21.528″S 102°35′53.1204″E
• elevation	1,300 m (4,300 ft)
Mouth
• location	Bangka Strait, South China Sea, South Sumatra
• coordinates	2°19′51.7224″S 104°55′19.9668″E
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	759 km (472 mi)[1]
Basin size	56,931 km2 (21,981 sq mi)[2] 59,942 km2 (23,144 sq mi)[3]
Width
• minimum	250 m (820 ft) (Palembang)[4]
• average	540 m (1,770 ft) (Palembang)[4]
• maximum	1,350 m (4,430 ft) (Palembang)[4]
Depth
• average	8 m (26 ft)(Palembang)[5]
Discharge
• location	Musi Delta, Bangka Strait
• average	(Period: 1992–2016)3,054 m3/s (107,900 cu ft/s)[2] (Period: 2016–2020)3,066 m3/s (108,300 cu ft/s)[6] (Period: 1971–2000)3,211.2 m3/s (113,400 cu ft/s)[1] (Period: 2009–2013)3,961 m3/s (139,900 cu ft/s)[7]
Discharge
• location	Palembang, (Confluence of Komering, 78 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 53,500 km2 (20,700 sq mi)
• average	(Period: 1971–2000)2,953.7 m3/s (104,310 cu ft/s)[1] 2,700 m3/s (95,000 cu ft/s)
• minimum	1,400 m3/s (49,000 cu ft/s)[3]
• maximum	4,200 m3/s (150,000 cu ft/s)[3]
Discharge
• location	Sekayu (Basin size: 21,146.3 km2 (8,164.6 sq mi))
• average	(Period: 1971–2000)1,205.4 m3/s (42,570 cu ft/s)[1]
Discharge
• location	Tebing Tinggi (Basin size: 3,329.7 km2 (1,285.6 sq mi)
• average	(Period: 1971–2000)183.6 m3/s (6,480 cu ft/s)[1]
Basin features
Progression	South China Sea
River system	Musi River
Tributaries
• left	Kungku, Klingi, Lakitan, Rawas, Harileko, Sebalik
• right	Keru, Nibung, Lintang, Kikim, Semangus, Keruh, Langgaran, Medak, Simpang, Dua, Penukal, Lematang, Belida, Kramasan, Ogan, Komering

This river system, especially around the city of Palembang, was the heart of eponymous 7th to 13th century Srivijayan empire. The river mouth was the site of the SilkAir Flight 185 plane crash which killed all 104 passengers and crew on board in 1997.^[9]

Geography

The river flows in the southern area of Sumatra, which has a predominantly tropical rainforest climate (designated as Af in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).^[10] The annual average temperature in the area is 24 °C. The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is around 26 °C, and the coldest is February, at 22 °C.^[11] The average annual rainfall is 2579 mm. The wettest month is April, with an average of 344 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 99 mm of rain.^[12]

Tributaries

The main tributaries from the mouth:^[1]

Left tributary	Right tributary	Length (km)	Basin size (km2)	Average discharge (m3/s)
Musi		759	59,942	3,211.2
Sebalik			282.6	14.6
	Komering	328	9,908	458.7
	Ogan	313	8,233	432.9
	Kramasan		241.6	11.6
	Belida		462.7	23.1
	Lematang	348	7,340	396.1
	Penukal		959.5	52.8
Harileko		334	3,746	186.7
	Dua		317	17.5
	Simpang		368	20.7
	Medak	72	395.3	25.7
	Langgaran		226	12.8
	Keruh		554.2	31.9
Rawas		208	5,841	333.9
Lakitan		140	2,763	161.2
	Semangus	183	1,933	125.3
Kelingi		98	1,898	126.9
Kungku			667.1	38.6
	Kikim		1,524.1	86.8
	Lintang		572	31.9
	Keru		315.3	18.1

Gallery

• 
  The Musi River and Palembang
• 
  The Musi River by Palembang
• 
  The Ampera Bridge on Musi River, Palembang
• 
  watershed of the Musi River

See also

• List of drainage basins of Indonesia
• List of rivers of Indonesia
• List of rivers of Sumatra

References

1. "Sumatra".
2. Müller-Dum, Denise; Warneke, Thorsten; Rixen, Tim; Müller, Moritz; Baum, Antje; Christodoulou, Aliki; Oakes, Joanne; Eyre, Bradley D.; Notholt, Justus (2019). "Impact of peatlands on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from the Rajang River and Estuary, Malaysia". Biogeosciences. 16 (1): 17–32. Bibcode:2019BGeo...16...17M. doi:10.5194/bg-16-17-2019. S2CID 203167471.
3. STUDY FOR MUSI RIVER BASIN (PDF).
4. Achmad, Syarifudin (2017). "The influence of Musi River sedimentation to the aquatic environment".
5. "EVALUATION OF THE PORT FACILITIES OF SUNGAI 16 PIER AND ACCESS ROAD TO PASAR LPT TERMINAL 16 ILIR PALEMBANG CITY OF SOUTH SUMATRA PROVINCE". 2023.
6. "Floating marine debris along Indonesian coasts" (PDF).
7. Francisca, Wit; Tim, Rixen; Antje, Baum; Widodo, S. Pranowo; Andreas, A. Hutahaean (2018). The Invisible Carbon Footprint as a hidden impact of peatland degradation inducing marine carbonate dissolution in Sumatra, Indonesia.
8. Air Musi - Geonames.org.
9. Archives, L. A. Times (1997-12-20). "Jet Carrying 104 Explodes Over Indonesia". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-07-14.
10. Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
11. "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016.
12. "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016.

External links

• Media related to Musi River at Wikimedia Commons
• Banyuasin Musi River Delta conservation information from the ARCBC

2°20′37″S 104°55′21″E