A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term municipality may also mean the governing body of a given municipality.[1] A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district.
The English word is derived from French municipalité, which in turn derives from the Latin municipalis,[2] based on the word for social contract (municipium), referring originally to the Latin communities that supplied Rome with troops in exchange for their own incorporation into the Roman state (granting Roman citizenship to the inhabitants) while permitting the communities to retain their own local governments (a limited autonomy).
A municipality can be any political jurisdiction, from a sovereign state such as the Principality of Monaco, to a small village such as West Hampton Dunes, New York.
The territory over which a municipality has jurisdiction may encompass:
- only one populated place such as a city, town, or village
- several such places (e.g., early jurisdictions in the U.S. state of New Jersey (1798–1899) as townships governing several villages, municipalities of Mexico, municipalities of Colombia)
- only parts of such places, sometimes boroughs of a city, such as the 34 municipalities of Santiago, Chile.[3]
Political powers
Powers of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state. Municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax, and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. In some European countries, such as Germany, municipalities have the constitutional right to supply public services through municipally-owned public utility companies.[4]
Terms in various countries
Municipality
Terms cognate with "municipality", mostly referring to territory or political structure,[clarification needed] are Spanish municipio (Spain) and municipalidad (Chile), Catalan municipi, Portuguese município.
- In Brazil, a município is the local government, recognized by the Brazilian Federal Constitution and established through state constitutions. It is the smallest territorial division holding executive and legislative powers. Since the Constitution of 1988, all municípios are members of the federation. Colloquially, the local population uses the terms municipality and city interchangeably, although the constitution defines "city" as the seat of the municipality.[5]
Commune
In many countries, terms cognate with "commune" are used, referring to the community living in the area and the common interest. These include terms:
- in Romance languages, such as French commune (France, French-speaking areas of Belgium and Switzerland, French-speaking countries of Africa, e.g. Benin), Italian comune (Italy), Portuguese comuna (Angola), Romanian comună (Romania), and Spanish comuna (Chile);
- in Germanic languages such as German Kommune (in political parlance), Swedish kommun (Sweden), Faroese kommuna (Faroe Islands), Norwegian, Danish kommune (Norway, Denmark);
- the more remote cognates gemeente in Dutch (Netherlands, Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium), Gemeng in Luxembourgish (Luxembourg) and Gemeinde in German (the official term; Germany);
- Finnish kunta (Finland).
- Ukrainian hromada.
- and Polish gmina.
The same terms "Gemeente" (Dutch) or "Gemeinde" (German) may be used for church congregations or parishes, for example, in the German and Dutch Protestant churches.
Other terms
In Greece, the word Δήμος (demos) is used, also meaning 'community'; the word is known in English from the compound democracy (rule of the people).
In some countries, the Spanish term ayuntamiento, referring to a municipality's administration building, is extended via synecdoche to denote the municipality itself.[6] In Moldova and Romania, both municipalities (municipiu; urban administrative units) and communes (comună; rural units) exist, and a commune may be part of a municipality.[citation needed]
In many countries, comparable entities may exist with various names.
English-speaking
- In Australia, the term local government area (LGA) is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the "LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia. Incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility."[7]
- In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, usually within general municipal statutes.[8][9] Types of municipalities within Canada include cities, district municipalities, municipal districts, municipalities, parishes, rural municipalities, towns, townships, villages, and villes among others.[9] The province of Ontario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers.[10] Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities.[10] Nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units.[11]
- In India, a municipality (also known as municipal council) is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more (the criteria varies from state to state). However, there are exceptions to that, as previously municipalities were constituted in urban centers with population over 20,000, so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as municipality were reclassified as municipality even if their population was under 100,000. it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally, smaller district cities and bigger towns have a municipality. Municipalities are also a form of local self-government entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined in the Constitutional (74th Amendment) Act,1992.
- In the United Kingdom, the term was used until the Local Government Act 1972 came into effect in 1974 in England and Wales, and until 1975 in Scotland and 1976 in Northern Ireland, "both for a city or town which is organized for self-government under a municipal corporation, and also for the governing body itself. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, and of superior members, as aldermen and councillors".[12] Since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status, or can retain its district title.
- In Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of regional government in this jurisdiction.
- In Trinidad and Tobago, "municipality" is usually understood as a city, town, or other local government unit, formed by municipal charter from the state as a municipal corporation. A town may be awarded borough status and, later on, may be upgraded to city status. Chaguanas, San Fernando, Port of Spain, Arima and Point Fortin are the 5 current municipalities in Trinidad and Tobago.
- In the United States, "municipality" is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, formed by municipal charter from the state as a municipal corporation.[13] In a state law context, some U.S. state codes define "municipality" more widely, from the state itself to any political subdivisions given jurisdiction over an area that may include multiple populated places and unpopulated places[14][15] (see also: Local government in the United States#Municipal governments).
Chinese-speaking
- In the People's Republic of China, a direct-administered municipality (直辖市 in pinyin: zhíxiáshì) is a municipality with equal status to a province: Beijing Municipality, Chongqing Municipality, Shanghai Municipality, and Tianjin Municipality (see also: Direct-administered municipalities of China).
- In the Republic of China (Taiwan), a special municipality (直轄市 in pinyin: zhíxiáshì) is a municipality with equal status to a province: Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, and Taoyuan (see also: Special municipality (Taiwan)).
Municipalities by country
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| Country | Term | Example | Subdivision of | Quantity | Notes | Further reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | município | Blumenau, Cuiabá, Maceió, Porto Alegre | a state (estado), which is part of a region (região) | 5,570 | A municipality usually is divided in the urban part, the city (cidade), and the rural part. | List of municipalities of Brazil |
| Croatia | Općina | Fužine,_Croatia, Bosiljevo, Klana, Kršan | Županija (county in english) | 428 | A municipality usually has center village of same name. Exception: Vinodolska općina - center village: Bribir. | Municipalities_of_Croatia |
| Greece | Deme / Δήμος | Athens, Thessaloniki | 332 | A municipality usually is divided in Municipal Units and them into Communities. | List of municipalities of Greece | |
| Ireland | bardas, contae or comhairle | Baile Átha Cliath | a province (cúige) or a county (contae) | 31 | A municipality usually has authority of the whole county. In some cases however, authority is reduced to a subdivision of the county for highly populated regions, especially in Dublin (Baile Átha Cliath) | Local governments in the Republic of Ireland |
| Italy | municipio | Rignano Flaminio | a comune which is part of a province (provincia) which is part of a region (regione). | 9 for Milan, 15 for Rome | Solely used for subdivisions of larger comuni, especially in Rome; municipio indicates the city hall; in some case, they are joined in mountain communities (comunità montane)[16] | Municipi of Rome, List of municipalities of Italy |
| India | municipality (nagar palika, or nagar parishad in Hindi) | It is an administrative unit that governs a specific urban area, such as a town or city. Municipalities are established under state legislation and operate under the framework of the relevant state municipal acts. Municipalities have their own elected bodies, which typically include a mayor or chairperson and councilors representing different wards or constituencies within the urban area. | Municipal governance in India | |||
| Netherlands | municipality (gemeente) | a province or special municipality which doesn't fall under any province but directly under the central government. | 345 | It is the lowest administrative unit of the country that governs a specific area, such as a town or city. Municipalities fall under the Dutch Municipalities Act. It is governed by a directly elected municipal council, a municipal executive and a mayor. | Municipal council (Netherlands) | |
| Philippines | bayan, munisipyo or munisipalidad | Janiuay | a province (lalawigan or probinsya, except for Pateros) | 1,488[17] | A municipality is the official name for a town and is divided into barangays. Municipalities with a larger population and income may become a city through a city charter.[18] | Municipalities of the Philippines |
| Portugal | município | Lisbon, Sintra, Vila Nova de Gaia | 18 districts and 2 autonomous regions (Azores and Madeira) | 308 | Usually a municipality is named after its largest or historically most important town or city. Municipalities are typically much larger than the city or town after which they are named. | List of municipalities of Portugal |
| Puerto Rico | municipio | Arecibo | none | 78 | municipality consists of an urban area (termed a city or town) plus all of its surrounding barrios comprising the municipality. It has a popularly elected administration and a municipal mayor. The seat of the municipal government is located in such urban area and serves the entire municipal jurisdiction.[19][20] | Municipalities of Puerto Rico |
| Sweden | kommun | Stockholm Municipality, Gothenburg Municipality, Malmö Municipality, Ale Municipality | a region (region), the 21 self-governing areas consisting of one or more municipalities) a county (län), subdivision of the national state into 21 areas administered by County administrative boards. Regions and counties often follow the same geographical borders. |
290 | According to the Instrument of Government, Swedish democracy is realised through a parliamentary form of government and through local selfgovernment. Municipalities are independent of the regions and counties in which they are located.[21][22] Before 1971, municipalities were incorporated as either cities (stad), market towns (köping) or rural municipalities (landskommun). The city-label is still used for marketing purposes, but lacks legal status and cannot be used in formal governing documents. For resident and land registration purposes, Sweden is also divided in 2 523 districts (distrikt), based on the historic Church of Sweden parishes of 1999. The districts lack authority, governing body and agency.[23] |
Municipalities of Sweden |
- In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ. When referring to the territory, the word concelho is used, when referring to the organ of State, the word município is used. This differentiation is in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but it is no longer in use in Brazil, where município refers to the territorial boundaries and prefeitura is its administrative organ.
See also
References
External links
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