Mount Taranaki
Volcano in North Island of New Zealand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mount Taranaki (Māori: Taranaki Maunga), officially Taranaki Maunga and also known as Mount Egmont, is a dormant stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island.[5][6][7] At 2,518 metres (8,261 ft), it is the second highest mountain in the North Island, after Mount Ruapehu. It has a secondary cone, Fanthams Peak (Māori: Panitahi), 1,966 metres (6,450 ft), on its south side.[8]
| Mount Taranaki | |
|---|---|
View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford, showing Fanthams Peak on the southern flank | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,518 m (8,261 ft) |
| Prominence | 2,308 m (7,572 ft)[1] |
| Listing | Ultra New Zealand #65 |
| Coordinates | 39°17′47″S 174°03′53″E |
| Geography | |
.png) Mount Taranaki North Island, New Zealand | |
| Topo map | NZMS 169 Egmont National Park |
| Geology | |
| Rock age | 135 ka |
| Mountain type | Stratovolcano |
| Last eruption | 1854 |
| Climbing | |
| First ascent | Ernst Dieffenbach & James Heberley, 1839[2][3] |
| Easiest route | Mount Taranaki Summit Track (trail)[4] |
 Taranaki andesite (red shading) in centre of map. The surrounding debris and lahar fields are not shown although they include the green forested area on the map that surround Mount Taranaki and the Pouākai Range and have reached the sea in all directions on the Taranaki peninsula except where blocked by the Pouākai Range. To its north are the older andesitic volcanoes of Pouākai and Kaitake.
Clicking on the map enlarges it, and enables panning and mouseover of volcano name/wikilink and ages before present. Key for the volcanics that are shown with panning is: '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000A-QINU`"' basalt (shades of brown/orange), '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000B-QINU`"' monogenetic basalts, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000C-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000D-QINU`"' arc basalts, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000E-QINU`"' arc ring basalts, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000F-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000010-QINU`"' andesite (shades of red), '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000011-QINU`"' basaltic andesite, '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000012-QINU`"' and '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000013-QINU`"' plutonic. White shading is selected caldera features. | |
Name
Summarize
Perspective
The name Taranaki is from the Māori language. The mountain was named after Rua Taranaki, the first ancestor of the iwi (tribe) called Taranaki, one of several iwi in the region.[9] The Māori word tara means mountain peak, and naki may come from ngaki, meaning "clear of vegetation."[10] It was also named Pukehaupapa ("ice mountain") and Pukeonaki ("hill of Naki") by iwi who lived in the region in "ancient times".[10][11][12]
Captain Cook named it Mount Egmont on 11 January 1770 after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont,[13] a former First Lord of the Admiralty who had supported the concept of an oceanic search for Terra Australis Incognita. Cook described it as "of a prodigious height and its top cover'd with everlasting snow," surrounded by a "flat country ... which afforded a very good aspect, being clothed with wood and verdure".[14]
When the French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne saw the mountain on 25 March 1772 he named it Pic Mascarin. He was unaware of Cook's earlier visit.[15]
It appeared as Mount Egmont on maps until 29 May 1986, when the name officially became "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont"[16] following a decision by the Minister of Lands, Koro Wētere.[17][18] The Egmont name no longer applies to the national park that surrounds the peak, but some geologists still refer to the peak as the Egmont Volcano.[19][better source needed]
As part of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement with Ngā Iwi o Taranaki, a group of tribes in the region,[a] the mountain was officially renamed Taranaki Maunga.[20][21] The settlement was initialled on 31 March 2023,[20] and ratified by the iwi of Taranaki.[22] The official name changed to Taranaki Maunga on 1 April 2025.[23]
Some iwi in the region had referred to the mountain as Taranaki Mounga rather than Taranaki Maunga, per the local Māori dialect.[24]
Geology
Summarize
Perspective
Mount Taranaki is situated in the sedimentary Taranaki Basin and is part of the Taranaki Volcanic Lineament which has had a 3 cm/year (1.2 in/year) north to south migration over the last 1.75 million years.[25]: 458–9 A Wadati–Benioff zone exists at about 200 km (120 mi) depth and the volcano's magma has the geochemical features of an arc volcano.[26]: 2 Under the volcano itself there is high heat flow with only about 10 km (6.2 mi) crustal thickness although this rapidly normalises for continental crust to 35 km (22 mi) east of the volcano and 25 km (16 mi) to the west.[26]: 2–3
Older volcanoes in the area
Mount Taranaki is one of four closely associated Quaternary volcanoes in Taranaki province that have erupted from andesite magmas that have not extensively assimilated enriched crust unlike the cone volcanos of the North Island Volcanic Plateau.[27] It sits on the remains of three older volcanic complexes that lie to the northwest. The Indo-Australian Plate is slowly moving relative to the magma source that feeds these volcanoes. This trend is reflected in Fanthams Peak, the newer secondary cone on the southeast side of Taranaki, which is named after Fanny Fantham, who in 1887 was the first European woman to climb it.[28]
The oldest volcanic remnants consist of a series of lava plugs: Paritutu Rock (156 metres), which forms part of New Plymouth's harbour, and the Sugar Loaf Islands close offshore. These have been dated at 1.75 million years.[25]: 459
On the coast, 15 kilometres southwest of New Plymouth is the Kaitake Range (682 metres), last active over 500,000 years ago.[25]: 459
Nearest to Taranaki is the Pouākai Range. Pouākai may have originated around the same time as Kaitake but remained active until about 210,000 years ago.[25]: 459 Much of Pouākai's large ring plain was obliterated by the Taranaki volcano, the hills near Eltham being the only remnant to the south.[29]
Volcanic activity
Taranaki is geologically young, having commenced activity approximately 200,000 years ago.[25]: 459 The most recent volcanic activity was the production of a lava dome in the crater and its collapse down the side of the mountain in the 1850s or 1860s.[29] Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks,[30] and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every 500 years.[27] Some of these eruptions may have occurred with very brief warning, of only days or less.[26]: 1, 14–18 The mountain in the last 5,000 years has had 16 tephra producing events.[31] However in the Holocene there have been at least 138 eruptions,[25]: 467 and for about 4000 years between 23.1 and 27.3 ka BP that bracket two flank collapses had 28 tephra producing events, some with VEI greater than 4.[31] At least 228 tephra-producing eruptions have occurred over the last 30,000 years.[25]: 467
Eruption and debris avalanches summary
As the volcano's major event record is so variable in time, with some major debris avalanches with edifice collapse, being associated with an increase in frequency and size of eruptions,[25][31] it seems reasonable for the summary to include the full debris avalanche record. There are gaps in the ascertainable eruptive record around the start of the Holocene and little detailed study past 28,000 years ago.[31]
| Date[32] | Years before 1950 (BP) | VEI[32] | Debris avalanche volume (km3)[25]: Fig. 5 [b] |
Tephra volume (km3) |
Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1854 | 96 | - | - | - | Ship's observation[32][33] |
| 1790 ± 10[25]: 461 | 160 | - | - | - | Formation of current summit summit half-sectioned lava dome[25]: 461 |
| 1755 | 195 | - | - | - | Tahurangi ash, date tephrochronology[32] |
| 1700 ± 50 | 250 | - | - | - | |
| 1655 | 295 | 4 | - | - | Burrell lapilli, date from tephrochronology,[32] which is part of Maero formations 19 units[34][c] |
| 1590 ± 40 | 360 | - | - | - | |
| 1570 ± 40 | 380 | - | - | - | |
| 1560 ± 40 | 390 | - | - | - | |
| 1550 ± 40 | 400 | - | - | - | |
| 1500 ± 30 | 450 | - | - | - | Newall ash[32] which is part of Maero formations 19 units[34][c] |
| 1480 ± 50 | 470 | - | - | - | |
| 1400 ± 50 | 550 | - | - | - | |
| 1340 ± 40 | 610 | - | - | - | |
| 1300 ± 50 | 650 | - | - | - | |
| 1070 ± 40 | 880 | - | - | - | |
| 970 ± 30 | 971 | - | - | - | |
| 820 ± 30 | 1130 | - | - | - | |
| 550 | 1400 | - | - | - | Kaupokonui tephra, date from tephrochronology[32] |
| 520 ± 150 | 1430 | - | - | - | |
| 390 ± 40 | 1560 | - | - | - | |
| 150 | 1800 | 3 | - | - | Date from tephrochronology[32] |
| 100 ± 40 | 1850 | - | - | - | |
| 40 ± 75 BCE | 1990 | - | - | - | Maketawa tephra which has 8 layers distributed over about 400 years[32][34] |
| 150 ± 30 BCE | 2100 | - | - | - | |
| 420 ± 30 BCE | 2370 | - | - | - | |
| 590 ± 500 BCE | 2540 | - | - | - | |
| 1130 ± 200 | 3080 | - | - | - | Fanthams Peak (Panitahi), Manganui tephra which is a total of 7 layers distributed over about 2000 years[32][34] |
| 1190 ± 40 | 3140 | - | - | - | |
| 1250 BCE | 3200 | - | - | - | Date from tephrochronology[32] |
| 1560 ± 40 BCE | 3510 | - | - | - | |
| 1700 ± 100 BCE | 2200 | 5 | - | - | Inglewood tephra,[32] two layers the Lower and Upper Inglewood[34] |
| 2150 BCE | 4100 | - | - | - | Korito tephra, date from tephrochronology, has 2 layers[32][34] |
| 2400 ± 40 BCE | 4350 | - | - | - | |
| 2450 ± 300 BCE | 4400 | - | - | - | |
| 2700 BCE | 4650 | - | - | - | Tariki tephra, date from tephrochronology, has 6 layers[32][34] |
| 2850 ± 300 BCE | 4800 | - | - | - | |
| 3250 | 5200 | - | - | - | Waipuku tephra, date from tephrochronology, has single layer[32][34] |
| 5120 ± 50 BCE | 7070 | - | - | - | |
| 5550 BCE | 7500 | - | 2.4 | - | Opua debris avalanche deposit |
| 6050 BCE | 8000 | - | - | - | Date from tephrochronology[32] |
| 7000 ± 100 BCE | 8950 | - | - | - | Kaponga-f tephra, one of 10 layers[32][34] |
| 7270 ± 50 BCE | 9220 | - | - | - | |
| 7330 BCE | 9280 | - | - | - | Kaponga-e tephra, date from tephrochronology, one of 10 layers[32][34] |
| 7650 BCE | 9600 | - | - | - | Kaponga-b tephra, date from tephrochronology, one of 10 layers[32][34] |
| 12,050 BCE | 14000 | - | 1.0 | - | Motumate debris avalanche deposit |
| Between 25,350 and 21,150 BCE | 23100 | 3-4.5[31] | - | 3.0[31] | Paetahi and Poto tephras comprise 28 tephra layers that encompass the Ngaere and Pungarehu debris avalanche events.[31] Dating is helped by presence of a tephra layer from the Oruanui eruption of Taupo Volcano[25] |
| 22,850 BCE | 24800 | - | 7.5[31] | - | Pungarehu debris avalanche deposit[31] |
| 25,350 BCE | 27300 | - | 5.85[31] | - | Ngaere debris avalanche deposit[31] |
| 32,050 BCE | 34000 | - | 2.0 | - | Te Namu debris avalanche deposit - dated between 34–37 ka BP by wood[25] |
| 35,050 BCE | 37000 | - | 0.2 | - | Ihaia debris avalanche deposit dated by wood[25] |
| 38,050 BCE | 40000 | - | 5.0 | - | Rama debris avalanche deposit dated by peat above[25] |
| 43,050 BCE | 45000 | - | 0.2 | - | Kaupokonui debris avalanche deposit |
| 48,050 BCE | 50000 | - | 2.5 | - | Otakeho debris avalanche deposit |
| 58,050 BCE | 60000 | - | 2.5 | - | Tokaora debris avalanche deposit |
| 68,050 BCE | 70000 | - | 7.5 | - | Waihi debris avalanche deposit |
| 73,050 BCE | 75000 | - | 5.5 | - | Waingongoro debris avalanche deposit |
| 88,050 BCE | 90000 | - | 7.5 | - | Oeo debris avalanche deposit |
| 103,050 BCE | 105000 | - | 3.6 | - | Okawa debris avalanche deposit, age from pollen records[25] |
| 128,050 BCE | 130000 | - | 4.5 | - | Motunui debris avalanche deposit |
| 198,050 BCE | 200000 | - | 3.6 | - | Mangati debris avalanche deposit |
Hazards
Taranaki is unusual in that it has experienced at least five of its major eruptions by the method of cone collapse. Few volcanoes have undergone more than one cone collapse. The vast volume of material involved in these collapses is reflected in the extensive ring plain[27] surrounding the volcano. There is also evidence of lahars being a common result of eruption. The major collapse cycles have a potential maximum size of collapse of 7.9 km3 (1.9 cu mi) every 30,000 to 35,000 years.[25]: 473 Such collapse debris fields have been found up to 5–6 km (3.1–3.7 mi) beyound the coast.[25]: 465 Another major edifice collapse is expected to occur within 16,200 years.[25]: 473
Much of the region is at risk from lahars, which have reached the eastern coast.[25]: 466 A volcanic event is not necessary for a lahar: even earthquakes combined with heavy rain or snow could dislodge vast quantities of unstable layers resting on steep slopes. Many farmers live in the paths of such possible destructive events.
Although volcanic eruptions are notoriously chaotic in their frequency, some scientists warn that a large eruption is "overdue". Research from Massey University indicates that significant seismic activity from the local faults is likely again in the next 50 years and such might be permissive to an eruption. What ever in the next 50 years, the probability of at least one eruption is between 33% and 42%.[25]: 473 Prevailing winds would probably blow ash east, covering much of the North Island, and disrupting air routes, power transmission lines and local water supplies.[35]
Climate
| Climate data for North Egmont, elevation 955 m (3,133 ft), (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.0 (53.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
4.4 (39.9) |
4.8 (40.6) |
5.8 (42.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
5.1 (41.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 456.8 (17.98) |
380.8 (14.99) |
432.0 (17.01) |
480.2 (18.91) |
603.1 (23.74) |
653.7 (25.74) |
697.6 (27.46) |
694.8 (27.35) |
675.7 (26.60) |
809.2 (31.86) |
555.4 (21.87) |
589.2 (23.20) |
7,028.5 (276.71) |
| Source: NIWA[36] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Stratford Mtn House, elevation 846 m (2,776 ft), (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
7.6 (45.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.3 (54.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.6 (52.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
8.7 (47.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.3 (41.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.7 (40.4) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 376.1 (14.81) |
284.2 (11.19) |
384.3 (15.13) |
495.4 (19.50) |
651.1 (25.63) |
573.6 (22.58) |
688.3 (27.10) |
595.5 (23.44) |
572.0 (22.52) |
542.4 (21.35) |
437.2 (17.21) |
480.6 (18.92) |
6,080.7 (239.38) |
| Source: NIWA[37] | |||||||||||||
Māori mythology
According to Māori mythology,[38] Taranaki once resided in the middle of the North Island, with all the other New Zealand volcanoes. The beautiful Pihanga was coveted by all the mountains, and a great battle broke out between them.[d] Tongariro eventually won the day,[40] inflicted great wounds on the side of Taranaki, and causing him to flee. Taranaki headed westwards, following Te Toka a Rahotu (the Rock of Rahotu) and forming the deep gorges of the Whanganui River,[41] paused for a while, creating the depression that formed the Ngaere swamp, then heading north. Further progress was blocked by the Pouākai Ranges, and as the sun came up Taranaki became petrified in his current location. When Taranaki conceals himself with rainclouds, he is said to be crying for his lost love, and during spectacular sunsets, he is said to be displaying himself to her.[39] In turn, Tongariro's eruptions are said to be a warning to Taranaki not to return.
History
Summarize
Perspective
The mountain was tapu in Māori culture and at the time of European settlement not climbed by them.[3]
In 1839 the mountain was climbed by James Heberley, a whaler who reached the summit first, and the Swiss-trained doctor and naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach.[3] During his initial ascent, he identified the fast-flowing streams as being well suited to water driven mills.[42][not specific enough to verify] Dieffenbach was employed by the New Zealand Company to advise on the potential of land he explored in the North Island in 1839–40.[3]
In 1865 the mountain was confiscated from Māori by the New Zealand Government under the powers of the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, ostensibly as a means of establishing and maintaining peace amid the Second Taranaki War. The legislation was framed with the intention of seizing and dividing up the land of Māori "in rebellion" and providing it as farmland for military settlers.
The mountain was returned to the people of Taranaki in 1978 by means of the Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978, which vested it to the Taranaki Maori Trust Board. By means of the same Act, it was immediately passed back to the Government as a gift to the nation.[43] The Waitangi Tribunal, in its 1996 report, Kaupapa Tuatahi,[44] observed: "We are unaware of the evidence that the hapū agreed to this arrangement. Many who made submissions to us were adamant that most knew nothing of it." It cited a submission that suggested the political climate of 1975 was such that the board felt it was necessary to perform a gesture of goodwill designed to create a more favourable environment within which a monetary settlement could be negotiated.
Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji, Taranaki provided the backdrop for the 2003 film The Last Samurai.[11]
In 2017, a record of understanding was signed between Taranaki iwi and the New Zealand government that would see the mountain become a legal personality.[45] It is the third geographic feature in the country to be granted a legal personality, after Te Urewera and Whanganui River.
On 2 December 2019, an agreement between the Crown and Ngā Iwi o Taranaki was announced that the mountain was to only be referred to as Taranaki Maunga.[46] On 30 January 2025, the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation recognising it as a legal person under the name Taranaki Maunga, with Mount Egmont ceasing to be an official name. In addition, the Crown apologised to eight Māori iwi for confiscating Mount Taranaki and 1.2 million acres of Māori lands in the Taranaki region.[7][47]
National park
In 1881, a circular area with a radius of six miles (9.6 km) from the summit was protected as a forest reserve. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouākai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve and in 1900 all this land was designated as Egmont National Park, the second national park in New Zealand. There are parts of the national park where old-growth forests are found.[48] With intensively-farmed dairy pasture right up to the park boundary, the change in vegetation is sharply delineated as a circular shape in satellite images.[49]
Recreation
The Stratford Mountain Club operates the Manganui skifield on the eastern slope. Equipment access to the skifield is by flying fox across the Manganui Gorge.
The Taranaki Alpine Club maintains Tahurangi Lodge on the north slope of the mountain, next to the television tower. The lodge is frequently used as the base for public climbs to the summit held in the summer months. The various climbing and tramping clubs organise these public events and provide informal guides.
Syme Hut is located near Fanthams Peak. It is maintained by the Department of Conservation and is available to trampers on a first come first served basis.
Weather on the mountain can change rapidly, which has caught inexperienced trampers and climbers unawares. As of 27 June 2017, 84 people have died on the mountain since records began in 1891, many having been caught by a sudden change in the weather. In terms of fatalities this mountain is the second most dangerous mountain in New Zealand after Aoraki / Mount Cook.[50][51]
Gallery
Sites of interest on Mount Taranaki
Wilkies Pools
Dawson Falls
View of Mount Ruapehu from close to the summit of Mount Taranaki
Access
There are three roads on the mountain's eastern slopes that lead part-way up the mountain with many more around the foot of the mountain that access walking tracks. The highest access road reaches the East Egmont plateau, with a viewing platform and parking facilities for the skifield. It lies at the transition between subalpine scrub and alpine herbfields.
There are park visitor centres at North Egmont and at the waterfall Te Rere o Kapuni on the southeast side.
The eastern side from Stratford leads to the Stratford Mountain House, and the ski field.
There is poor road access on the western side beyond the bush line. However, a road winds for 10 km through native bush over the saddle between Pouākai and Kaitake. Near the top of this road is the renowned Pukeiti Trust rhododendron garden.[52]
Transmitter
The Mount Taranaki transmitter is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Taranaki region. It is located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain adjacent to Tahurangi Lodge. The first transmitter at the site was commissioned by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) in 1966 to relay Wellington's WNTV1 channel (now part of TVNZ 1).[53]
See also
Notes
- Ngā iwi o Taranaki refers literally to 'the tribes of Taranaki', and is a collective of the eight tribes, Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi, Ngāruahine, Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāti Tama, Taranaki Iwi and Te Āti Awa
- The large western Maitahi debris avalanche of about 240 ka is assigned to Pouakai rather than Taranaki volcano. This event does not appear to have been due to internal edifice failure but rather slipage on Pliocene marine mudstones.[25]
- The Maero Formation includes 19 units erupted over about 800 years by the present summit vent.[34]
- Some versions of the myth have Mount Ruapehu as the maid, instead of Pihanga.[39]
References
External links
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