Mitra (gastropod)

Mitra is a large genus of medium to large predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mitridae, the miter shells or mitre snails.^[1]

Mitra
A drawing of a live individual of Mitra mitra showing its long proboscis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Caenogastropoda
Order:	Neogastropoda
Family:	Mitridae
Subfamily:	Mitrinae
Genus:	Mitra Lamarck, 1798
Type species
Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Species
See text
Synonyms[1]
Mitra (Mitra) Lamarck, 1798 Mitra (Papalaria) Dall, 1915 Mitra (Sohlia) Cernohorsky, 1970 Mitraria Rafinesque, 1815 (established, without diagnosis or included species, as a substitute name for Mitra Lamarck, 1798) Tiarella Swainson, 1840

This genus is named after the ecclesiastical headgear, the miter, because of the shells' general shape.

These sea snails create shells that are considered attractive by shell collectors; the shells are solid, high-spired and are often colorful.

Description

The thick shell has a fusiform shape. The spire is elevated and acute at the apex. The aperture is small, narrow and notched in front. The columella is obliquely plicate. The outer lip is thickene and is smooth internally.^[2]

Species

Many species that were previously in the genus Mitra have been reassigned in the past years to other genera, including Calcimitra, Gemmulimitra, Isara, Nebularia, Neotiara, Pseudonebularia, Quasimitra, Roseomitra, Strigatella and Vexillum. According to the World Register of Marine Species, the following species with accepted names are currently included within the genus Mitra:^[1]

• Mitra abbatis Perry, 1811
• Mitra deprofundis Turner, 2001
• Mitra dolorosa Dall, 1903 (taxon inquirendum)
• †Mitra fusiformis (Brocchi, 1814)
• †Mitra hectori Hutton, 1905
• Mitra inca d'Orbigny, 1841
• Mitra lima G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra magnifica Poppe & Tagaro, 2006
• Mitra marciae G. B. Sowerby III, 1913 (uncertain)
• Mitra mitra Linnaeus, 1758
• Mitra papalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Mitra stictica (Link, 1807)
• †Mitra subscrobiculata d'Orbigny, 1852
• Mitra turgida Reeve, 1845

Species in this genus also include:^[3][4]

• Mitra brasiliensis Oliveira, 1869
• Mitra saldanha Matthews & Rios, 1970

Taxa inquirenda

• Mitra clara G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra fergusoni G. B. Sowerby II, 1874 ^[5]
• Mitra minor G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra nasuta G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra novaehollandiae G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra radula G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra semiconica G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra subrostrata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra tenuilirata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra trunculus G. B. Sowerby II, 1874
• Mitra umbonata G. B. Sowerby II, 1870

Synonyms

• Mitra acutilirata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Subcancilla annulata (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra albozonata W. H. Turton, 1932: synonym of Quasimitra latruncularia (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra ansulata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum histrio (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra arctata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Pterygia arctata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra arracanensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum cithara (Reeve, 1845)
• Mitra articulata Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845)
• Mitra aubryana Hervier, 1897: synonym of Vexillum fortiplicatum (Pease, 1868)
• Mitra australis Swainson, 1820: synonym of Turriplicifer australis (Swainson, 1820)
• Mitra bifasciata Swainson, 1822: synonym of Vexillum caffrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Mitra cernica G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Thala cernica (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra cineracea Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes, 1833)
• Mitra crassicostata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Strigatella crassicostata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra cretacea G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Nebularia pellisserpentis (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra filistriata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum filistriatum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra foveata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Mitromica foveata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• † Mitra fusioides Lea, 1833: synonym of Conomitra fusoides (I. Lea, 1833)
• Mitra gemmata G. B. Sowerby II, 187: synonym of Atlantilux gemmata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra granata Reeve, 1845: synonym of Nebularia pellisserpentis (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra grelloisi Récluz, 1853: synonym of Nebularia pellisserpentis (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra indentata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874 : synonym of Pseudonebularia indentata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra inermis Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum inerme (Reeve, 1845)
• Mitra infrafasciata Souverbie, 1865: synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811)
• Mitra insolata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Episcomitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Mitra laevicostata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum intertaeniatum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra laterculata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra latruncularia Reeve, 1844 synonym of Quasimitra latruncularia (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra longispira G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum longispira (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra lurida W. H. Turton, 1932: synonym of Vexillum patulum (Reeve, 1845)
• Mitra macandrewi G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum macandrewi (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• † Mitra marginata Lamarck, 1803: synonym of † Conomitra marginata (Lamarck, 1803)
• Mitra mauritiana G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Quasimitra lacunosa (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra microstoma G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Nebularia pellisserpentis (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra militaris Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845)
• Mitra multisulcata G. B. Sowerby III, 1914: synonym of Strigatella subruppelli (Finlay, 1927)
• Mitra muricata (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Neotiara muricata (Broderip, 1836)
• Mitra obtusispinosa G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum obtusispinosum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra oniscina Lamarck, 1811: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum (Lamarck, 1811)
• Mitra paligera G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum paligerum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra petrosa G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Nebularia petrosa (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra philippinarum A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Imbricaria bacillum (Lamarck, 1811)
• Mitra rectilateralis G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum suluense (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)
• Mitra rhodia Reeve, 1845: synonym of Isara carbonaria (Swainson, 1822)
• Mitra salmonea G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum salmoneum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra simplex G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Episcomitra cornicula (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Mitra sphaerulata Martyn, 1784: synonym of Neocancilla papilio (Link, 1807)
• Mitra subtruncata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum subtruncatum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra tayloriana G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum taylorianum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra telum G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Strigatella fulvescens (Broderip, 1836)
• Mitra tenuis G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Carinomitra typha (Reeve, 1845)
• Mitra umbrosa G. B. Sowerby II, 1874: synonym of Vexillum umbrosum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)
• Mitra uzielliana Crosse, 1861: synonym of Nebularia pellisserpentis (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra variabilis Reeve, 1844: synonym of Quasimitra variabilis (Reeve, 1844)
• Mitra vezzaronellyae Cossignani, 2016: synonym of Nebularia peasei (Dohrn, 1860)
• Mitra zonalis Quoy & Gaimard, 1833: synonym of Vexillum caffrum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gallery

• 
  Mitra stictica shell

References

1. Mitra Lamarck, 1798. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 11 December 2018.
2. Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls
3. "Mitra". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
4. Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
5. Sowerby, G. B. II. (1874). Monograph of the genus Mitra. In G. B. Sowerby II (ed.), Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Vol. 4 (31-32): 1–46, pls 352–379

External links

• Fedosov A., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Kantor Yu., Oliverio M., Dgebuadze P., Modica M.V. & Bouchet P. (2018). The collapse of Mitra: molecular systematics and morphology of the Mitridae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 183(2): 253-337