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Russian attack helicopter From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mil Mi-28 (NATO reporting name "Havoc") is a Soviet all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter. It is an attack helicopter with no intended secondary transport capability, and is better optimized than the Mil Mi-24 gunship for the role. It carries a single gun in an undernose barbette, plus external loads carried on pylons beneath stub wings.
| Mi-28 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) A Mi-28N of the Russian Air Force | |
| General information | |
| Type | Attack helicopter |
| National origin | Soviet Union/Russia |
| Manufacturer | Mil |
| Status | In service[1] |
| Primary users | Russian Aerospace Forces |
| Number built | 126[2] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1982–present |
| Introduction date | 15 October 2009 (Mi-28N)[3] |
| First flight | 10 November 1982[4] |
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2010) |
In 1972, following the completion of the Mil Mi-24, development began on a unique attack helicopter with transport capability.[5] The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and omitted the cabin to provide better overall performance and higher top speed. Improved performance was important for its intended role fighting against tanks and enemy helicopters and covering helicopter landing operations. Initially, many different designs were considered, including an unconventional project with two main rotors, placed with engines on tips of wings (in perpendicular layout); and in one similarity with the late 1960s-era American Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne attack helicopter design, with an additional pusher propeller on the tail. In 1977, a preliminary design was chosen in a classic single-rotor layout. It lost its similarity to the Mi-24, and even the canopies were smaller, with flat surfaces.
Design work on the Mi-28 began under Marat Tishchenko in 1980.[6] In 1981, a design and a mock-up were accepted. The prototype (no. 012) first flew on 10 November 1982.[6] The second prototype (no. 022) was completed in 1983. In 1984, the Mi-28 completed the first stage of state trials, but in October 1984 the Soviet Air Force chose the more advanced Kamov Ka-50 as the new anti-tank helicopter. Mi-28 development continued, but given lower priority. In December 1987, Mi-28 production at Rosvertol in Rostov-on-Don was approved.
An early production Mi-24 was fitted with an air data boom as an early test for the Mi-28's technologies. Later, a few Mi-24Ds were fitted up with the Mi-28's radome mount to test the sighting-flight-navigational complex's abilities, and others had redesigned fuselages that closely resembled the future Mi-28, but with rounded cockpits.[7]
In January 1988, the first Mi-28A prototype (no. 032) flew. It was fitted with more powerful engines and an "X" type tail rotor instead of the three-blade version. The Mi-28A debuted at the Paris Air Show in June 1989. In 1991 the second Mi-28A (no. 042) was completed. The Mi-28A program was cancelled in 1993 because it was deemed uncompetitive with the Ka-50, in particular it was not all-weather capable.
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The Mi-28N was unveiled in 1995, the N designation meaning "night". The prototype (no. 014) first flew on 14 November 1996. Its most significant feature is a radar in a round cover above the main rotor, similar to that of the American AH-64D Apache Longbow. The Mi-28N also has improved tor vision and an aiming device under the nose, including a TV camera and FLIR. Due to funding problems, development was interrupted. A second prototype with an improved rotor design was unveiled in March 2004 at Rosvertol.[citation needed]
The first serial Mi-28N was delivered to the Army on 5 June 2006.[citation needed] By 2015, 67 Mi-28Ns were planned to be purchased, when the Mi-24 was to be completely replaced.[citation needed] The Rostvertol plant delivered about 140 Mi-28N and Mi-35M helicopters in 2012–14 to domestic and foreign customers; 28 helicopters were delivered in 2015.[8]
Mil also developed an export variant of the Mi-28N, designated Mi-28NE, and a simpler day helicopter variant, the Mi-28D, based on the Mi-28N design, but without radar and FLIR.
A fifth-generation derivative, dubbed Mi-28NM, has been in development since 2008. According to then chief executive officer at Russian Helicopters Andrey Shibitov, the criteria for the modernized helicopter include low-radar signature, extended flight range, advanced weapons control system, some capability of a fighter jet and speed up to 600 km/h.[9]
In 2016, Russian media reported a new, advanced helmet system designed to display visual information for aiming at targets in any field of view was under development for the MI-28N.[10]
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2010) |
The Mi-28 is a new-generation attack helicopter that functions as an air-to-air and air-to-ground partner for the Mi-24 Hind and Ka-50 Hokum. The five-blade main rotor is mounted above the body midsection, short, wide, tapered, weapon-carrying wings are mounted to the rear of the body midsection. Two turboshaft engines in pods are mounted alongside the top of the fuselage with downturned exhausts. The fuselage is slender and tapers to the tail boom and nose. It features tandem, stepped-up cockpits, a cannon mounted beneath the belly, and a non-retractable tricycle tail-wheel type landing gear. Due to the energy-absorbing landing gear and seats the crew can survive a vertical fall of up to 12 m/s. The Mi-28 has a fully armoured cabin, including the windshield, which withstands 7.62 and 12.7mm armor piercing bullets and 20 mm shell fragments.[11]
The helicopter design is based on the conventional pod and boom configuration, with a tail rotor. The main rotor head has elastomeric bearings and the main rotor blades are made from composite materials. The tail rotor is designed on a biplane configuration, with independently controlled X-shaped blades. A new design of all-plastic rotor blades, which can sustain 30 mm shells, is installed on the Mi-28N night attack variant.
It is equipped with two heavily armored cockpits, a windshield able to withstand 12.7–14.5 mm caliber bullets, in-nose electronics, and a narrow-X tail rotor (55 deg), with reduced noise characteristics. It is powered by two 2,200 hp Isotov TV-3-117VM (t/n 014) turboshaft engines.
While the Mi-28 is not intended for use as a transport, it does have a small passenger compartment capable of carrying three people. The planned purpose of this is the rescue of downed helicopter crews.
The Mi-28N features a helmet mounted display for the pilot. The pilot designates targets for the navigator/weapons officer, who proceeds to fire the weapons required to fulfill that particular task. The integrated surveillance and fire control system has two optical channels providing wide and narrow fields of view, a narrow-field-of-view optical television channel, and laser rangefinder. The system can move within 110 degrees in azimuth and from +13 to −40 degrees in elevation.[11]
The night attack variant helicopter retains most of the structural design of the original Mi-28. The main difference is the installation of an integrated electronic combat system. Other modifications include: new main gearbox for transmitting higher power to the rotor, new high-efficiency blades with swept-shaped tips, and an engine fuel injection control.[11]
The pilot uses a helmet-mounted target designator, which allocates the target to the navigator's surveillance and fire control system. The navigator/weapons officer is then able to employ guided weapons or guns against the target. The targeting system follows the direction of the pilot's eyes.[11]
Russia's military rotary-wing aircraft fleet has been fully refitted with new night vision goggles (NVG). Mil Mi-28N attack helicopters of the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) received GEO-ONV1-family NVGs.[12]
The Mi-28 is equipped with a chin-mounted NPPU-28 turret with 30 mm automatic Shipunov 2A42 autocannon.[13] It has selective fire, and a dual-feed, which allows for a cyclic rate of fire between 200 and 800 rounds per minute.[14] Its effective range varies from 1,500 meters for ground vehicles to 2,500 meters for airborne targets. Rounds from High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) to Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (APDS) can be used. Stated penetration for the 3UBR8 round is 25 mm of RHA at 1,500 meters.
The standard missile armament of the Mi-28N is the supersonic 9M120 Ataka-V missile, which uses radio beam-riding guidance. Two racks can each carry 8 Ataka missiles, giving a total of 16 missile, although 8 Atakas is a more normal load.[15] There are four variants of the Ataka missile for different tasks. The 9M120 Tandem High Explosive Anti-Tank (THEAT) warhead variant is used against tanks fitted with Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA), its stated penetrative ability is 800 mm Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA).[16] The 9M120F thermobaric variant is used against infantry, buildings, bunkers, and caves. The 9M120O expanding rod warhead variant is used against helicopters. All the variants have a range of 6 km. The 9M120M improved version has a longer range (8 km) and better penetration (900 mm of RHA).[17] All variants use SACLOS missile guidance.
Unguided weapons such as rockets can be carried on four pylons under the stub wings. Typical rockets carried are the 122 mm (4.8 in) S-13, fired from five-round B-13 rocket pods, and the 80 mm (3.1 in) S-8, fired from 20-round B8V-20 pods.[15] The S-8 and S-13 rockets used by the Mi-28 are usually unguided. In the most common configuration, one can expect 40 S-8 rockets or 10 S-13 rockets. Both rockets have their variants, from HEAT warheads to thermobaric warheads. The S-8 has a shorter range and smaller warhead than the S-13, but compensates with numbers. Currently, the Russian Aerospace Forces are upgrading their S-8 and S-13 rockets to laser guided missiles with the proposed Ugroza ("Menace") system. Rockets upgraded under Ugroza received the designations S-8Kor and S-13Kor, respectively.[18]
The Mi-28 can also carry the IR guided R-73 air-to-air missiles, the Kh-25 air-to-surface missiles as well as up to 500 kg aerial bombs.[19]
![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion with: Background on earlier versions/prototype testing. You can help by adding to it. (May 2021) |
The first production examples of the Mi-28N completed factory flight and armament tests in late May 2006, and were received by the Russian Air Force on 5 June 2006.[citation needed] The Mi-28N was officially accepted three years later, in October 2009.[3] It was assumed the Mi-28N would fully replace the older Mi-24 variant in the Russian Armed Forces by 2015.[citation needed]
In September 2011, six Mi-28Ns of the Russian Air Force took part in the 2011 Union Shield joint Russian-Belarusian military exercise at the Ashuluk training ground in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia.[3]
To improve the training of pilots for the Mi-28N, the Russian Defense Ministry announced the procurement of up to 60 Mi-28UB training-and-combat versions by 2020. Four to six Mi-28UBs would be purchased for every unit that operates the Mi-28N.[citation needed] An initial batch of 24 Mi-28UB training-and-combat helicopters was ordered in April 2016,[20] and the first two serial Mi-28UBs arrived at the Torzhok Air Base on 16 November 2017.[21]
During the Russian military intervention of the Syrian civil war, the Mi-28N had its combat debut during the 2016 Battle of Palmyra when several Mi-28Ns of the Russian Aerospace Forces supported the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in their advance towards the city.[22] During their support to SAA, Russia's Mi-28Ns targeted several Islamic State positions with S-8 unguided rockets and 9M120 Ataka anti-tank guided missiles.[23][24]
In October 2016, a prototype of an upgraded Mi-28NM helicopter performed its maiden flight.[25] The Russian Defence Ministry ordered the first batch of Mi-28NM helicopters in December 2017, not disclosing the number of helicopters ordered.[26] In March 2019, a Mi-28NM prototype was seen accompanied by a Mi-24/Mi-35M during a combat sortie over rebel-held territory in the northern Hama.[27] It was reported the helicopter was sent to Syria to undergo testing in difficult weather and climate conditions.[28] The Russian Aerospace Forces received the first two serial Mi-28NMs on 23 June 2019.[29] A month later, during the International Military-Technical Forum ARMY-2019, the Russian Defence Ministry and Rostec signed a long-term contract for the supply of 98 Mi-28NMs by 2027.[30] A new contract was signed in August 2022.[31]
The Mi-28N was deployed by Russia during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[32] The Times reported that Ukrainian forces had successfully used a UK-made Starstreak system to shoot down a Russian Mi-28N attack helicopter in early April.[33] On 26 April, the wreck of a Mi-28 was found by Ukrainian forces outside the town of Hostomel in the Kyiv Oblast. The craft was likely destroyed during the Battle of Hostomel Airport.[34] On 9 May, one Mi-28 was destroyed in north of Kharkiv, the attack helicopter with registration number RF-13654 was the third visually reported loss of that type.[35] On 16 May, another Mi-28N with registration number RF-13628 was destroyed in Kharkiv.[36] On 12 June 2022, a Mi-28N was destroyed and its wreck recorded in video by Ukrainian troops, the crew of the helicopter died at the crash site.[37]
On 18 September 2023, the Ukrainian military intelligence claimed a raid against Chkalovsky Air Base, near Moscow, occurred. During which they claimed damaged the tail rotor of a Mi-28N helicopter. It had been used in the shooting down of Ukrainian drones, according to a statement.[38]
On 6 August 2024, the Ukrainian SBU stated that a Russian Mi-28 in Kursk Oblast was damaged by an FPV drone. The SBU claimed that it the first successful intercept of a helicopter, mid-flight, using a drone.[39]
As of 16th of September 2024, 14 Mi-28 helicopters have been visually confirmed as lost since start of 2022 Invasion by Oryx blog.[40]
In October 2012, it was reported that Russia and Iraq may sign a US$4.2–$5.0 billion weapons contract, including purchase of 30 Mi-28NE helicopters.[41] The deal was confirmed on 9 October.[citation needed] The deal was reportedly cancelled due to Iraqi concerns of corruption,[42] but that concern was addressed, and the Iraqi defence minister stated that "the deal is going ahead."[43] As of December 2015, 15 Mi-28NEs had been delivered.[44]
Iraqi Mi-28s reportedly saw their first use in combat in September 2014, only several days after their arrival in the country. However, official confirmation by the Iraqi ministry of defence only came on 30 October of the same year.[45]
In June 2010, Algeria was expected to place an order for 42 Mi-28NE helicopters.[46] On 30 August 2016, Algeria displayed its first batch of Mi-28NE helicopters on television.[47]
In late December 2021, it was reported that Bangladesh is finalizing a government-to-government (G2G) deal to buy eight Mi-28NEs for the Bangladesh Air Force with necessary equipment, along with operation and maintenance training. At the end of 2021, BDT 4100 crore from the Bangladesh's Bangladesh's Ministry of Finance approved approximately $520 million "At this time 1 USD equal 80 BDT" For the purchase of 8 helicopters "Attack or Transport". Bangladesh is spending around 65 million for each helicopter which is 2 times its market value and it is not sure if it is an attack or transport helicopter. The possibility of buying Mi-26 transport helicopter is much more than MI -28NEs Attack Helicopters. Bangladesh or Russian any officials do not have any statement about the deal. In 2022, Russian arms sales agency Rosoboronexport dismissed media reports that suggest Bangladesh has acquired Mil Mi-28NE attack helicopters.[48][49]
The Indian Military requested a modified Mi-28 prototype fitted with French and Belgian avionics. Russian manufacturers discussed how to meet these requirements.[50] In October 2011, it was reported that the American AH-64D had emerged as the front-runner ahead of the Mi-28N to fill a requirement for 22 attack helicopters.[51] India ordered 22 AH-64Es in 2015.[52]
In November 2023, Deputy Defense Minister Brigadier General Mahdi Farahi said plans have been finalized for Mil Mi-28 attack helicopters to join the combat units of the Iranian Armed Forces.[53]
In late 2011, Kenya began the process of acquiring 16 Mi-28s for its Embakasi based 50th Air Cavalry Division. They were set to be delivered to the 50th Air Cavalry Division in Kenya on 3 January 2012, from the Russian state owned corporation Rosoboronexport, which is an intermediary for all imports and exports of military related hardware.[54] However, in 2013, Oboronprom denied reports that the type had been accepted for service with the Kenyan military.[55]
In April 2010, Venezuela agreed to order 10 Mi-28s for the Venezuelan Army.[56] However, no deal was signed after this.[citation needed][needs update]
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Data from RIA Novosti,[74] Russian Helicopters, JSC,[75] Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2000–2001[76]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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