Michael E. Brown

For the former dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs, see Michael E. Brown (political scientist).

Michael E. Brown (born June 5, 1965) is an American astronomer, who has been professor of planetary astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) since 2003.^[1] His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs), including the dwarf planet Eris, which was originally thought to be bigger than Pluto, triggering a debate on the definition of a planet.^[2]

Michael E. Brown
Brown in 2021
Born	(1965-06-05) June 5, 1965 (age 59) Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.
Nationality	American
Education	Princeton University UC Berkeley
Known for	Discovery of Eris and other trans-Neptunian objects How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming
Spouse	Diane Binney ​ (m. 2003)​
Children	1
Scientific career
Fields	Planetary astronomy
Doctoral students	Chad Trujillo, Marc Kuchner, Megan Schwamb, Konstantin Batygin
Website	mikebrown.caltech.edu

He has been referred to by himself and by others as the man who "killed Pluto",^[3][4][5] because he furthered Pluto's being downgraded to a dwarf planet in the aftermath of his discovery of Eris and several other probable trans-Neptunian dwarf planets. He is the author of How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming, published in 2010. He was awarded the Kavli Prize (shared with Jane Luu and David C. Jewitt) in 2012 "for discovering and characterizing the Kuiper Belt and its largest members, work that led to a major advance in the understanding of the history of our planetary system."

Early life and education

Brown was raised in Huntsville, Alabama, and graduated from Virgil I. Grissom High School in 1983. He earned his A.B. in physics from Princeton University in 1987, where he was a member of the Princeton Tower Club. Brown completed his senior thesis, titled "Simulating the measurement of the correlation function of the Shane–Wirtanen galaxy counts", under the supervision of Edward Groth.^[6] He did his graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned an M.A. degree in astronomy in 1990 and a Ph.D. degree in astronomy in 1994.^[1]

Career

Discoveries

See also: Category:Discoveries by Michael E. Brown

Brown is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery or co-discovery of 29 minor planets, not counting Haumea (see list below).^[7] He is best known in the scientific community for his surveys for distant objects orbiting the Sun. His team has discovered many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Particularly notable are Eris, a dwarf planet and the only TNO known to be more massive than Pluto, leading directly to Pluto's demotion from planet status;^[2][8] Sedna, a planetoid thought to be the first observed body of the inner Öpik–Oort cloud; and Orcus. Brown's team famously named Eris and its moon Dysnomia with the informal names Xena and Gabrielle, respectively, after the two main characters of Xena: Warrior Princess. Together with Jean-Luc Margot in 2001, he also discovered Romulus and Linus, two minor-planet moons in the asteroid belt.

List of minor-planet discoveries

Number and name	Discovery date		Discovery team
50000 Quaoar	June 4, 2002	list	[A]
65489 Ceto	March 22, 2003	list	[A]
(84719) 2002 VR128	November 3, 2002	list	[A]
90377 Sedna	November 14, 2003	list	[A][B]
90482 Orcus	February 17, 2004	list	[A][B]
(119951) 2002 KX14	May 17, 2002	list	[A]
(120178) 2003 OP32	July 26, 2003	list	[A][B]
120347 Salacia	September 22, 2004	list	[C][F]
(120348) 2004 TY364	October 3, 2004	list	[A][B]
(126154) 2001 YH140	December 18, 2001	list	[A]
(126155) 2001 YJ140	December 20, 2001	list	[A][D]
136108 Haumea	December 28, 2004	list	[A][B]
136199 Eris	October 21, 2003	list	[A][B]
136472 Makemake	March 31, 2005	list	[A][B]
(175113) 2004 PF115	August 7, 2004	list	[A][B]
(187661) 2007 JG43	May 10, 2007	list	[E][B]
(208996) 2003 AZ84	January 13, 2003	list	[A]
225088 Gonggong	July 17, 2007	list	[E][B]
229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà	July 17, 2007	list	[E][B]
(250112) 2002 KY14	May 19, 2002	list	[A]
(305543) 2008 QY40	August 25, 2008	list	[E][B]
(307251) 2002 KW14	May 17, 2002	list	[A]
(307261) 2002 MS4	June 18, 2002	list	[A]
(315530) 2008 AP129	January 11, 2008	list	[E]
(386096) 2007 PR44	August 7, 2007	list	[E]
(504555) 2008 SO266	September 24, 2008	list	[E][B]
(523597) 2002 QX47	August 26, 2002	list	[A]
(523618) 2007 RT15	September 11, 2007	list	[E][B]
(523629) 2008 SP266	September 26, 2008	list	[E][B]
(528381) 2008 ST291	September 24, 2008	list	[E][B]
Co-discovery made with: A C. Trujillo · B D. L. Rabinowitz · C H. G. Roe D Glenn Smith · E M. E. SchwambF K. M. Barkume

Haumea controversy

Main article: Controversy over the discovery of Haumea

Brown and his team also had been observing the dwarf planet Haumea for approximately six months before its announced discovery by José Luis Ortiz Moreno and colleagues from the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain. Brown originally indicated his support for Ortiz's team's being given credit for the discovery of Haumea. However, further investigation showed that a website containing archives of where the telescopes of Brown's team had been pointed while tracking Haumea had been accessed eight times in the three days preceding Ortiz's announcement, by computers with IP addresses that were traced back to the website of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC, Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia), where Ortiz works, and to e-mail messages sent by Ortiz and his student. These website accesses came a week after Brown had published an abstract for an upcoming conference talk at which he had planned to announce the discovery of Haumea; the abstract referred to Haumea by a code that was the same code used in the online telescope logs; and the Andalusia computers had accessed the logs containing that code directly, as would be the case after an internet search, without going through the home page or other pages of the archives.^[9] When asked about this online activity, Ortiz responded with an email to Brown that suggested Brown was at fault for "hiding objects", and said that "the only reason why we are now exchanging e-mail is because you did not report your object."^[10] Brown says that this statement by Ortiz contradicts the accepted scientific practice of analyzing one's research until one is satisfied that it is accurate, then submitting it to peer review prior to any public announcement. However, the Minor Planet Center only needs precise enough orbit determination on the object in order to provide discovery credit, which Ortiz provided (see Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons to verify typical time scale of observation and publication of discoveries).

The then director of the IAA, José Carlos del Toro, distanced himself from Ortiz, insisting that its researchers have "sole responsibility" for themselves. Brown petitioned the International Astronomical Union to credit his team rather than Ortiz as the discoverers of Haumea. The IAU has deliberately not acknowledged a discoverer of Haumea. The discovery date and location are listed as March 7, 2003, at Ortiz's Sierra Nevada Observatory. However, the IAU accepted Brown's suggested name of Haumea, which fit the names of Haumea's two moons, rather than Ortiz's Ataecina.

Proposed ninth planet

In January 2016, Brown and fellow Caltech astronomer, Konstantin Batygin, proposed the existence of Planet Nine, a major planet between the size of Earth and Neptune.^[11] The two astronomers gave a recorded interview in which they described their method and reasoning for proposing Planet 9 on January 20, 2016.^[12]

Other work

In 2010 Brown published a memoir of his discoveries and surrounding family life, How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming.

Honors, awards and accolades

Brown was named one of Time's 100 most influential people of 2006.^[13] In 2007 he received Caltech's annual Feynman Prize, Caltech's most prestigious teaching honor. Asteroid 11714 Mikebrown, discovered on April 28, 1998, was named in his honor.^[14] In 2012, Brown was awarded the Kavli Prize in Astrophysics.^[15]

Students and postdocs

Brown's former graduate students and postdocs include astrophysicists Adam Burgasser, Jean-Luc Margot, Chad Trujillo, Marc Kuchner,^[16] Antonin Bouchez, Emily Schaller,^[16] Darin Ragozzine,^[16] and Megan Schwamb.^[16] He also has created a course on Coursera.

Personal life

Brown married Diane Binney on March 1, 2003.^[17] They have one daughter.^[18]

See also

• Konstantin Batygin
• Planet Nine

References

1. Brown, Michael. "Curriculum vitae". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
2. Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (June 15, 2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science. 316 (5831): 1585. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1585B. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855. S2CID 21468196.
3. Brown, Mike (2010). How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. ISBN 978-0-385-53108-5.
4. Astronomer Who ‘Killed’ Pluto to Present Annual Science Lecture. Sarah Lawrence College – News and Events. April 13, 2009, retrieved January 11, 2011
5. "Meet Mike Brown: Pluto killer and the man who brought us Planet 9 | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. February 9, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
6. Brown, Michael E. (1987). Simulating the measurement of the correlation function of the Shane-Wirtanen galaxy counts. Princeton, NJ: Department of Physics.
7. "Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)". Minor Planet Center. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
8. Kenneth Chang: The War of the Worlds, Round 2. The New York Times, January 10, 2011, retrieved January 11, 2011
9. Brown, Michael. "The electronic trail". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
10. Overbye, Dennis (September 13, 2005). "One Find, Two Astronomers: An Ethical Brawl". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
11. "Evidence of a Ninth Planet". Youtube. January 20, 2016.
12. "Scientists Find Hints Of A Giant, Hidden Planet In Our Solar System". NPR.org. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
13. Lemonick, Michael D. (April 30, 2006). "The 2006 TIME 100: Scientists & Thinkers: Mike Brown". Time. Archived from the original on September 3, 2010. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
14. "11714 Mikebrown (1998 HQ51)" (online). JPL Small-Body Database Browser. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
15. "2012 KAVLI PRIZE LAUREATES IN ASTROPHYSICS Awarded to Michael Edwards Brown, David C. Jewitt, Jane X. Luu". Kavli prize. May 31, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
16. Michael E. Brown. "Research". Caltech. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
17. Brown, Michael. "Mike and Diane's Fabulous Wedding Web Page". Retrieved August 25, 2006.
18. Brown, Michael. "Lilah Binney Brown". Retrieved August 25, 2006.

External links

• Brown's homepage
• Michael E. Brown at IMDb
• Michael E. Brown on Twitter (plutokiller)
• Mike Brown's planets Brown's blog
• The Search for Planet Nine Archived November 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Konstantin Batygin's and Brown's blog
• Brown's Talk on How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming Part of the Silicon Valley Astronomy Lecture Series
• The Tenth Planet, by Alec Wilkinson, The New Yorker, July 24, 2006