Migration from Latin America to Europe

Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the first decades of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas.^[1] Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. It may also include individuals from certain French-speaking territories depending on the definition of Latin America used.

A large majority of Latin Americans in Europe reside in Spain or have been naturalized as Spanish citizens. The main reasons of their migration to Spain are the common language, family ties and cultural proximity to Spain. Portugal, Italy and France also have a sizable Latin American community; in the case of Italy, many of the immigrants are descendants of the Italian diaspora in Latin America.

Spain

Spain is the second destination of choice after the United States for Latin American migrants and the vast majority of Latin Americans in Europe are residents or nationals of this country.^[2][3]

After several years of decline since a peak in 2010, the population of Spain born in Latin America has grown again since 2016. In 2019, 3,114,076 Spanish people born in South, Central America or the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico) had been legally residing in Spain for the last 12 months, compared to 2,340,247 in 2016 and 2,459,098 in 2010. A majority hold Spanish citizenship.^[4][5]

Following the "Law of historic memory" Latin Americans with a Spanish parent (and their descendants) have automatic right to Spanish citizenship, even without residing in the country. This potentially applies to millions of Latin Americans. In addition, all Latin Americans from Spanish speaking countries (and Brazil) qualify for Spanish citizens after two years' residence, regardless of recent ancestry. This compares very favorably to the requirement of ten years' residence for immigrants from other countries.

As a result, a significant and ever growing portion of Latin American immigrants have acquired Spanish citizenship due to naturalization laws and the falling number of Latin Americans residing in Spain is primarily due to them acquiring Spanish nationality and no longer being classed as immigrants. In the period between 2011 and 2013, over one million immigrants acquired Spanish citizenship and over 75% of these were Latin American.^[6] As an example, by 2014 the majority of Spain's 408,944 Ecuadorian-born residents had already acquired Spanish citizenship and were no longer included national statistics tracking immigration.^[7] As a result, Latin Americans with Spanish citizenship living in other European countries such as the UK, France or Germany benefiting from European freedom of movement and establishment for all EU citizens will be categorized as Spaniards when using nationality as a criterion to determine the country of origin (rather than country of birth) of a particular EU country's immigrant population.^[8][9] Despite Spain's prolonged 2008-2015 economic crisis during which the country suffered years of massive unemployment and went from having the second highest immigration rate in the world to becoming a net-emigrant country, less than 30% of Spain's Latin American immigrants have left the country during this period.^[10] As a result of the combined effect of nationalization and net emigration during the economic crisis, the Latin American resident population yet to acquire Spanish nationality fell steadily to around 900,000 in 2015.^[11]

Country of birth	Population (2020)[12]	Corresponding article
Ecuador	416,347	Ecuadorians in Spain
Colombia	513,583	Colombians in Spain
Argentina	292,775	Argentines in Spain
Venezuela	395,747	Venezuelans in Spain
Peru	244,681	Peruvians in Spain
Dominican Republic	186,286	Dominicans in Spain
Bolivia	178,680
Cuba	151,327
Brazil	156,302
Paraguay	107,200	Paraguayans in Spain
Honduras	133,044

Germany

Main article: Immigration to Germany

Distribution of Latin American population in Germany 2021

Latin American citizens registered in the German central register of foreigners. (only Western Germany until 1989)^[13]

Country of birth	Population (1970)	Population (1980)	Population (1990)	Population (2000)	Population (2010)	Population (2020)	Population (2022)	Surplus of women in % (2022)	Corresponding article
Brazil	3,487	5,485	10,486	24,142	32,537	49,500	55,710	72.2	Brazilians in Germany
Colombia	942	1,878	3,789	8,880	10,294	20,705	26,710	47.3
Mexico	948	2,025	3,223	6,069	9,583	17,755	21,590	22.5	Mexicans in Germany
Peru	1,056	2,007	4,009	8,231	8,644	10,960	12,435	78.2
Venezuela	934	1,207	1,485	3,052	3,501	8,025	11,095	15.2
Chile	1,824	5,458	6,440	6,495	6,079	9,335	10,505	-0.2
Cuba	131	158	493	7,501	8,512	8,350	9,185	20.4
Argentina	2,466	3,764	4,152	4,895	4,574	6,760	9,030	6.6
Dominican Republic	51	197	862	4,803	6,060	6,460	6,580	76.5
Ecuador	440	788	1,146	3,663	4,589	5,640	6,540	27.1
Bolivia	774	1,263	1,522	1,729	1,720	2,060	2,410	37.4
El Salvador	159	319	492	500	524	1,465	2,045	14.1
Honduras	101	265	409	576	597	1,475	1,995	22.9
Costa Rica	151	286	497	788	819	1,610	1,950	5.3
Paraguay	263	400	603	854	1,122	1,570	1,780	115.0
Nicaragua	109	191	358	636	541	1,140	1,490	0.7
Guatemala	247	369	550	675	628	1,035	1,190	12.5
Uruguay	405	657	800	758	558	800	900	16.9
Haiti	251	242	280	422	548	635	705	23.8
Panama	113	134	182	276	340	565	700	22.2
Total	14,852	27,093	41,778	84,945	101,770	155,845	184,545	41.6

Naturalizations from Latin American Countries to Germany

Year	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	Sum 2000–2022
Number of Naturalizations[14]	1,682	2,086	2,317	3,047	2,905	2,890	3,306	3,070	2,861	3,125	3,290	3,253	3,072	3,552	3,634	3,740	3,722	3,745	3,815	4,285	3,975	4,555	4,245	76,172

France

According to UN data, in 2019, the largest groups of Latin American migrants in France were from Brazil (181,500),^[15] Colombia (40,000),^[16][17] Mexico (40,000),^[18] Chile (30,325),^[19] Argentina (17,999),^[20] Peru (30,000),^[21] Venezuela (30,000),^[22] and Uruguay (10,859) ^[23][24]

Rank	Country of origin	Population (2021)
1.	Brazil	181,500
2.	Mexico	40,000
3.	Colombia	40,000
4.	Chile	30,325
5.	Peru	30,000
6.	Venezuela	30,000
7.	Argentina	17,999
8.	Uruguay	10,859
9.	Other	10,599
	Total	380,824 (1.1%)[25]

United Kingdom

Main article: Latin American migration to the United Kingdom

According to the 2001 UK Census, 62,735 Latin Americans in the United Kingdom were born in their respective nations of origin.^[26] There were also a further 1,338 people who stated their birthplace as 'South or Central America' (note this would also include Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, which are not part of Latin America.).^[26] In 2009, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of Brazilian-born people in the UK alone had risen to around 60,000 and the number of Colombian-born to around 22,000. Estimates for other Latin American countries were not made because the sample size did not allow for estimation of the size of smaller groups with sufficient degree of accuracy.^[27]

Latin American-born people in the United Kingdom in 2001

Country of birth	Population (2011 census)[28][29][30]	Corresponding article
Brazil	52,148	Brazilians in the United Kingdom
Colombia[31]	25,761	Colombians in the United Kingdom
Argentina	10,550
Mexico	9,771	Mexicans in the United Kingdom
Venezuela	9,150
Ecuador	8,767	Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom
Peru	7,246	Peruvians in the United Kingdom
Chile	7,130	Chileans in the United Kingdom
Bolivia	3,765	Bolivians in the United Kingdom
Cuba	2,481
Dominican Republic	1,377
Uruguay	1,364

Norway

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway of European descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 belong to Asia, Africa and South America.^[32] Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

Rank	Country of origin[33]	Population (2001)[34]	Population (2014)[35]
1.	Chile	6,491	7,904
2.	Brazil	824	4,017
3.	Colombia	604	3,841
4.	Peru	492	1,295
5.	Cuba	286	959
6.	Argentina	378	890
7.	Dominican Republic	276	844
8.	Ecuador	174	492
9.	Bolivia	134	308
11.	El Salvador	134	235
12.	Uruguay	167	234
13.	Guatemala	81	191
15.	Nicaragua	78	159
16.	Costa Rica	52	133
17.	Honduras	64	117

The Netherlands

Immigrants and Dutch-born to immigrant parents Iberian America

Country of origin[36]	Population (1996)[37]	Population (2000)	Population (2005)	Population (2010)	Population (2015)	Population (2019)
Argentina	2,952	3,239	4,167	4,522	4,245	6,508
Bolivia	408	547	744	954	1,170	1,415
Brazil	6,589	8,913	12,289	17,022	22,041	30,104
Chile	3,566	3,937	4,564	4,936	5,488	6,207
Colombia	4,937	7,025	9,885	12,292	15,346	18,351
Costa Rica	274	444	623	741	970	1,242
Cuba	361	781	1,361	1,748	2,052	2,333
Dominican Republic	5,321	7,341	9,843	11,600	13,651	15,206
Ecuador	559	1,121	1,883	2,466	3,200	3,943
El Salvador	304	350	453	544	626	752
Guatemala	229	339	471	604	815	1,034
Honduras	203	269	387	505	670	816
Mexico	1,251	1,802	2,894	4,054	5,548	7,618
Nicaragua	273	314	403	535	693	843
Panama	244	278	353	393	470	561
Paraguay	215	238	270	281	328	371
Peru	1,849	2,418	3,662	4,925	6,100	7,324
Puerto Rico	91	101	132	153	199	241
Uruguay	805	886	997	1,069	1,135	1,234
Venezuela	2,257	2,948	4,090	4,936	6,002	7,420

Other / Dutch Americas

Country of origin[36]	Population (1996)[38]	Population (2000)	Population (2005)	Population (2010)	Population (2015)	Population (2019)
Aruba	274	592	1,204	2,250	4,130	5,610
Curaçao [39]					203	982
Caribbean Netherlands* [39][40]					15	64
Netherlands Antilles* (dissolved)	86,550	106,605	129,334	136,170	144,565[41]	154,510[42]

• includes Saba, Sint Maarten and Sint Eustatius which are not considered a part of Latin America because of the lack of Papiamentu language

French Latin America

Country of origin[36]	Population (1996)[43]	Population (2000)	Population (2005)	Population (2010)	Population (2015)	Population (2019)
French Guiana	401	477	707	716	767	836
Guadeloupe	194	219	306	301	327	397
Haiti	223	331	540	619	703	865
Martinique	85	94	105	106	121	123

Portugal

Main article: Demographics of Portugal

In 2008, Portugal's foreign population grew 1% from 435,736 in 2007 to 440,277. One in four immigrants is Brazilian,^[44] and Portugal was a country for an increasing amount of Venezuelans. There are also other communities from Argentina, the latter can have Portuguese ancestry due to the historical ties between both nations.^[45]

Country of birth	Population (2011)[46]	Population (2019)[47][48]	Corresponding article
Brazil	139,703	158,799	Brazilians in Portugal
Venezuela	25,157	24,603	Portuguese Venezuelans

Switzerland

In 2013, there were a total of 1,937,447 permanent foreign residents (23.8% of the total population of 8.14 million) in Switzerland. Of these, 51,761 were from Latin America and the Caribbean.^[49]

Italy

The list is not complete, as it does not include some Latin Americans that have gotten citizenship via jus sanguinis.

Rank	Country of citizenship	Population (2020)[50]	Country of birth (2019)
1.	Peru	91,662	117,189
2.	Ecuador	72,644	85,272
3.	Brazil	51,790	115,970
4.	Dominican Republic	29,111	46,127
5.	Cuba	22,311	37,307
6.	Colombia	18,053	40,769
7.	El Salvador	16,270	14,682
8.	Bolivia	13,141	15,794
9.	Venezuela	10,316	53,007
10.	Argentina	9,117	71,880
11.	Mexico	4,567	9,441
12.	Chile	3,017	12,775
13.	Honduras	2,461	2,880
14.	Paraguay	1,750	2,862
15.	Uruguay	1,251	7,446
16.	Guatemala	837	2,299
17.	Nicaragua	700	1,311
18.	Costa Rica	476	1,619
19.	Panama	348	1,094
20.	Haiti	306	792

Sweden

As of 2021, there were 114,480 people in Sweden that were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had two parents that were born in Latin America. 34% of these were from Chile and 13% from Colombia. Meanwhile 171,845 had some Latin American origin, meaning they were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had at least one Latin American-born parent.^[51]

Rank	Country of origin	Population (2021)
1.	Chile	39,404
2.	Colombia	15,065
3.	Brazil	12,456
4.	Peru	10,250
5.	Bolivia	6,158
6.	Argentina	4,922
7.	El Salvador	4,503
8.	Mexico	3,975
9.	Cuba	3,824
10.	Ecuador	3,324
	Other	10,599
	Total	114,480 (1.1%)[52]

Finland

As of 2021, 8,763 people in Finland had a Latin American background, up from 4,284 in 2011 and 614 in 1990. In 1990 the most common country of origin was Chile, accounting for 30% of Latin Americans. 2,814 of them live in Helsinki, where they make up 0.43% of the population. Brazil is the common country of origin, accounting for 26% of Latin Americans, followed by Mexicans (14%) and Colombians (9%). 594 children were adopted from Colombia between 1987 and 2021, making it the fourth most common country of origin for international adoptees in Finland, and accounted for 10.4% of all international adoptions. These are not counted as having Colombian background, however, and are instead counted with the background country of the adoptive parents, which is usually Finland.^[53][54]

Rank	Country of origin	Population (2021)
1.	Brazil	2,315
2.	Mexico	1,184
3.	Colombia	826
4.	Peru	678
5.	Chile	668
	Other	3,092
	Total	8,763 (0.2%)[55]

Ireland

Rank	Country of origin	Population (2016)[56]
1.	Brazil	13,640

European Union (in general)

HORIZONTALLY: Country of Residence VERTICALLY: Country of Origin[57]	Belgium	Bulgaria	Czech Republic	Denmark	Germany	Estonia	Ireland	Greece	Spain	France	Croatia	Italy	Cyprus	Latvia	Lithuania	Luxembourg	Hungary	Malta	Netherlands (2019)	Austria	Poland [58]	Portugal	Romania	Slovenia	Slovakia	Finland	Sweden	Iceland	Liechtenstein	Norway	Switzerland	United Kingdom
Argentina	2036	118	367	1081	14400	13	756	663	281115	12519	202	65136	140	18	-	213	222	11	6508	1360	303	1375	94	425	73	290	2919	30	-	928	7755	10550
Bolivia	1031	22	92	429	3820	1	108	24	187885	3058	33	12891	10	0	-	24	34	2	1415	438	54	195	12	12	12	128	4050	13	-	487	2784	3765
Brazil	10441	91	509	3012	47590	56	9298	2293	101640	56712	195	83615	110	25	-	1795	426	94	30104	4550	358	139703	129	81	46	980	6381	113	-	4099	28779	52150
Chile	4085	21	127	1455	11380	7	311	380	68075	13730	127	11129	31	4	-	165	118	8	6207	1105	94	276	42	28	16	367	28712	70	-	6449	5966	7140
Colombia	5270	23	236	2947	17630	12	330	413	379400	26679	46	32256	69	7	-	247	158	11	18351	1413	137	767	42	30	31	854	10929	159	-	5138	9340	25760
Costa Rica	256	5	64	146	1.400	2	24	39	3390	693	6	1267	5	0	-	10	22	7	1242	152	40	42	12	2	5	52	354	4	-	247	778	725
Cuba	1496	258	687	437	11110	17	196	365	110120	4637	13	26346	42	51	-	98	406	4	2.333	786	261	978	55	53	96	343	2416	38	-	818	2748	2480
Dominican Republic	2125	21	41	134	9.240	1	37	585	119490	3334	0	33163	25	1	0	328	17	10	15206	2809	38	142	17	166	11	121	566	27	-	667	7288	1385
Ecuador	5180	13	109	550	7480	6	103	87	412380	4178	12	75288	16	3	-	109	98	7	3943	592	70	440	28	7	22	153	2.101	27	-	611	4099	8765
El Salvador	417	7	19	77	960	2	54	52	8650	1093	0	9689	13	0	-	20	7	3	752	74	5	37	4	0	0	48	2725	12	-	167	568	885
Guatemala	775	6	36	224	1760	6	272	31	6595	2956	0	1856	11	1	0	85	11	7	1034	333	8	60	10	1	3	63	735	28	-	413	554	975
Honduras	195	0	21	115	1010	1	29	52	30675	575	0	1672	8	0	0	6	11	3	816	86	8	43	8	2	2	38	318	28	-	85	348	640
Mexico	1994	25	442	968	13020	25	889	410	44000	12609	40	6927	54	18	-	200	342	9	7618	1452	302	371	65	43	62	518	2107	74	-	960	4858	9770
Nicaragua	268	29	19	178	920	1	34	166	12645	639	0	971	8	0	0	10	10	1	843	198	10	26	:	2	9	86	672	6	-	151	383	380
Panama	158	6	40	70	730	0	33	162	3765	470	13	920	9	0	0	15	28	4	561	62	38	118	4	3	12	21	234	4	-	40	279	715
Paraguay	397	0	58	74	3940	0	54	82	71905	1114	12	2014	4	2	-	27	15	0	371	199	3	97	10	6	3	13	143	6	-	133	966	760
Peru	3272	21	240	989	14520	14	330	301	184840	11466	86	96675	32	7	-	363	159	28	7324	1485	97	403	72	36	39	406	7006	70	-	1254	7878	7245
Uruguay	447	17	41	208	2900	4	142	116	91715	2246	14	6573	7	3	-	69	49	1	1234	211	106	221	7	5	13	80	2226	7	-	206	1411	1370
Venezuela	1206	26	117	616	6490	7	482	1062	143670	6385	56	44469	39	30	-	221	136	13	7420	841	83	25157	34	40	13	126	897	33	-	786	3086	9150
'Total amount of Latin Americans by country of residence	41049	709	3265	13710	170300	175	13482	7283	2261955	165093	855	512857	633	170	0	4005	2269	223	113282	18146	2015	170451	645	942	468	4687	75491	749	0	23639	89868	144.610

Total amount of Latin Americans residing in the European Union (as of 2011); ~3.843.026

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39. Immigration after Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
40. Includes Saba and Sint-Eustatius which are not part of Latin America, Bonaire does
41. 8395 of the 144,565 Netherlands Antilleans born to immigrant parents from the Netherlands Antilles after the Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
42. 18340 of the 154,510 Netherlands Antilleans born to immigrant parents from the Netherlands Antilles after the Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles
43. "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari 2019". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (in Dutch).
44. Um em cada quatro imigrantes é de nacionalidade brasileira Archived 2009-07-16 at the Wayback Machine – Diário de Notícias
45. Argentina e Portugal, uma longa amizade – Diário de Notícias
46. "Estrangeiros e nascidos no estrangeiro residentes em Portugal, CPLP em destaque" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
47. "Relatório de Imigração, Fronteiras e asilo" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteira. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
48. Gortázar, Naiara Galarraga (March 26, 2018). "Radiografía del gran éxodo venezolano". El País – via elpais.com.
49. Bevölkerung – Die wichtigsten Zahlen Swiss Federal Statistical Office, accessed 6 October 2014
50. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". demo.istat.it. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
51. "Personer med utländsk bakgrund" (PDF) (in Swedish). SCB. p. 10. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
52. "Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2021, totalt" (Excel-file) (in Swedish). SCB. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
53. "Adoptions by country of birth, age group and sex of child and type of adoption, 1987-2021". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
54. "Origin and background country". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
55. "Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2021". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
56. Gonçalves, Ana Marta. "Brazilian student: Coming to Dublin was a dream come true but sharing a house with 14 others was a nightmare". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2019-10-03.
57. Eurostat Database (Data -> Population Consensus) https://ec.europa.eu/CensusHub2/query.do?step=selectHyperCube&qhc=false
58. (Unreliable statistics, stated by Eurostat)

See also

• List of countries by immigrant population
• Latin American migration to the United Kingdom
• Latino Americans
• Latino diaspora