Messina

This article is about the city in Sicily, Italy. For other uses, see Messina (disambiguation).

Messina (/mɛˈsiːnə/ mess-EE-nə, US also /mɪˈ-/ miss-;^[3][4][5] Italian: [mesˈsiːna] ^ⓘ; Sicilian: Missina [mɪsˈsiːna])^[a] is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 218,000^[6] inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the Metropolitan City. It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily, at the Strait of Messina and it is an important access terminal to Calabria region, Villa San Giovanni, Reggio Calabria on the mainland. According to Eurostat^[7] the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina has, in 2014, 277,584 inhabitants.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1861	104,036	—
1871	112,512	+8.1%
1881	126,776	+12.7%
1901	147,589	+16.4%
1911	128,121	−13.2%
1921	177,196	+38.3%
1931	179,914	+1.5%
1936	191,966	+6.7%
1951	220,590	+14.9%
1961	254,538	+15.4%
1971	250,519	−1.6%
1981	260,118	+3.8%
1991	231,693	−10.9%
2001	252,026	+8.8%
2011	243,262	−3.5%
2021	221,246	−9.1%
Source: ISTAT

Messina Missina (Sicilian)
Comune
Comune di Messina
Flag Coat of arms
Position of the commune in the Metropolitan City
Location of Messina
Messina Location of Messina in Italy Show map of Italy Messina Messina (Sicily) Show map of Sicily
Coordinates: 38°11′37″N 15°33′15″E
Country	Italy
Region	Sicily
Metropolitan city	Messina (ME)
Government
• Mayor	Federico Basile
Area [1]
• Total	213.23 km2 (82.33 sq mi)
Elevation	3 m (10 ft)
Population  (1 January 2023)[2]
• Total	218,786
• Density	1,000/km2 (2,700/sq mi)
Demonym	Messinese
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	98100
Dialing code	090
ISTAT code	083048
Patron saint	Madonna of the Letter
Saint day	June 3
Website	Official website

The city's main resources are its seaports (commercial and military shipyards), cruise tourism, commerce, and agriculture (wine production and cultivating lemons, oranges, mandarin oranges, and olives). The city has been a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and Archimandrite seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important international fair. The city has the University of Messina, founded in 1548 by Ignatius of Loyola.

History

See also: Timeline of Messina

13th-century coins minted during the reign of Frederick II.

17th century map of Messina

An image of the 1908 Messina earthquake aftermath. Ruins of the Duomo.

Founded by Greek colonists of Magna Graecia in the 8th century BC, Messina was originally called Zancle (‹See Tfd›Greek: Ζάγκλη), from the Greek ζάγκλον meaning "scythe" because of the shape of its natural harbour (though a legend attributes the name to King Zanclus). A comune of its Metropolitan City, located at the southern entrance of the Strait of Messina, is to this day called 'Scaletta Zanclea'. Solinus wrote that the city of Metauros was established by people from Zancle.^[8]

In the early 5th century BC Anaxilas of Rhegium renamed it Messene (Μεσσήνη) in honour of the Greek city Messene (See also List of traditional Greek place names). Later, Micythus was the ruler of Rhegium and Zancle, and he also founded the city of Pyxus.^[9] The city was sacked in 397 BC by the Carthaginians and then reconquered by Dionysius I of Syracuse.

a tract of around 30 kilometres of beaches of Messina

the Felucca, a typical boat used by the fishermen of Messina to hunt swordfish

In 288 BC the Mamertines seized the city by treachery, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives. The city became a base from which they ravaged the countryside, leading to a conflict with the expanding regional empire of Syracuse. Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Mamertines near Mylae on the Longanus River and besieged Messina. Carthage assisted the Mamertines because of a long-standing conflict with Syracuse over dominance in Sicily. When Hiero attacked a second time in 264 BC, the Mamertines petitioned the Roman Republic for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome was unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome, therefore, entered into an alliance with the Mamertines. In 264 BC, Roman troops were deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army acted outside the Italian Peninsula. At the end of the First Punic War it was a free city allied with Rome. In Roman times Messina, then known as Messana, had an important pharos (lighthouse). Messana was the base of Sextus Pompeius, during his war against Octavian.^{[citation needed]}

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the city was successively ruled by Goths from 476, then by the Byzantine Empire in 535, by the Arabs in 842, and in 1061 by the Norman brothers Robert Guiscard and Roger Guiscard (later count Roger I of Sicily). In 1189 the English King Richard I ("The Lionheart") stopped at Messina en route to the Holy Land for the Third Crusade and briefly occupied the city after a dispute over the dowry of his sister, who had been married to William the Good, King of Sicily.

One of the major cities on Sicily, Messina was heavily involved in the rivalry between the Anjou dynasty in Naples and the Aragonese House of Barcelona. Initially a stronghold of Anjou support on Sicily, in 1282 the city joined the revolt of the Sicilian Vespers, resulting in the city being subjected to a major siege by Charles I of Anjou. Messina remained a major naval base for the remainder of the ensuing twenty-year War of the Sicilian Vespers, and was besieged a second time in 1302. In 1345 Orlando d'Aragona, the illegitimate son of Frederick II of Sicily was the strategos of Messina.^{[citation needed]}

In 1347 Messina was one of the first points of entry for the black death into Western Europe. Genoese galleys travelling from the infected city of Kaffa carried plague into the Messina ports. Kaffa had been infected via Asian trade routes and the siege of Kaffa from infected Mongol armies led by Janibeg; it was a departure point for many Italian merchants who fled the city to Sicily. Contemporary accounts from Messina tell of the arrival of "Death Ships" from the East, which floated to shore with all the passengers on board already dead or dying of plague. Plague-infected rats probably also came aboard these ships. The black death ravaged Messina and rapidly spread northward into mainland Italy from Sicily in the following few months.^{[citation needed]}

In 1548 St. Ignatius founded there the first Jesuit college in the world, which later gave birth to the Studium Generale (the current University of Messina).^[10] The Christian ships that won the Battle of Lepanto (1571) left from Messina: the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes, who took part in the battle, recovered for some time in the Grand Hospital. The city reached the peak of its splendour in the early 17th century, under Spanish domination: at the time it was one of the ten greatest cities in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

In 1674 the city rebelled against the foreign garrison. It managed to remain independent for some time, thanks to the help of the French king Louis XIV, but in 1678, with the Peace of Nijmegen, it was reconquered by the Spaniards and sacked: the university, the senate and all the privileges of autonomy it had enjoyed since the Roman times were abolished. A massive fortress was built by the occupants and Messina decayed steadily. In 1743, 48,000 died of a second wave of plague in the city.^[11]

In 1783 an earthquake devastated much of the city, and it took decades to rebuild and rekindle the cultural life of Messina. In 1847 it was one of the first cities in Italy where Risorgimento riots broke out. In 1848 it rebelled openly against the reigning Bourbons, but was heavily suppressed again. Only in 1860, after the Battle of Milazzo, the Garibaldine troops occupied the city. One of the main figures of the unification of Italy, Giuseppe Mazzini, was elected deputy at Messina in the general elections of 1866. Another earthquake of less intensity damaged the city on 16 November 1894. The city was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake and associated tsunami on the morning of 28 December 1908, killing about 100,000 people and destroying most of the ancient architecture. The city was largely rebuilt in the following year.^{[citation needed]} However, thousands of residents displaced by the earthquake lived in shanty towns outside the city until the late 1930s, when further reconstruction finally commenced.

It incurred further damage from the massive Allied air bombardments of 1943; before and during the Allied invasion of Sicily. Messina, owing to its strategic importance as a transit point for Axis troops and supplies sent to Sicily from mainland Italy, was a prime target for the British and American air forces, which dropped some 6,500 tons of bombs in the span of a few months.^[12] These raids destroyed one-third of the city, and caused 854 deaths among the population.^[13] The city was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor and one for Civil Valor by the Italian government in memory of the event and the subsequent effort of reconstruction.^[14]

In June 1955 Messina was the location of the Messina Conference of Western European foreign ministers which led to the creation of the European Economic Community.^[15] The conference was held mainly in Messina's City Hall building (it), and partly in nearby Taormina.

Greek minority of Messina flag

The city is home to a small Greek-speaking minority, which arrived from the Peloponnese between 1533 and 1534 when fleeing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. They were officially recognised in 2012.^[16]

Via Garibaldi, one of the main streets of Messina. After the 1908 earthquake it was widened and lengthened to the south to conform to the new urban plan

Geography

Climate

Messina has a subtropical Mediterranean climate with long, hot summers with low diurnal temperature variation and consistently dry weather. In winter, Messina is rather wet and mild. Diurnals remain low and remain averaging above 10 °C (50 °F) lows even during winter. It is rather rainier than Reggio Calabria on the other side of the Messina Strait, a remarkable climatic difference for such a small distance.

Climate data for Messina, elevation: 59 m or 194 ft, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1909–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	24.6 (76.3)	25.8 (78.4)	32.0 (89.6)	29.6 (85.3)	33.6 (92.5)	43.4 (110.1)	43.6 (110.5)	41.8 (107.2)	40.5 (104.9)	36.4 (97.5)	29.2 (84.6)	26.6 (79.9)	43.6 (110.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	14.8 (58.6)	15.0 (59.0)	16.9 (62.4)	19.4 (66.9)	23.4 (74.1)	27.8 (82.0)	30.9 (87.6)	31.4 (88.5)	27.8 (82.0)	24.0 (75.2)	19.8 (67.6)	16.2 (61.2)	22.3 (72.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.4 (54.3)	12.3 (54.1)	14.0 (57.2)	16.2 (61.2)	20.0 (68.0)	24.2 (75.6)	27.2 (81.0)	27.8 (82.0)	24.4 (75.9)	20.9 (69.6)	17.1 (62.8)	13.7 (56.7)	19.2 (66.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	10.1 (50.2)	9.7 (49.5)	11.3 (52.3)	13.3 (55.9)	16.9 (62.4)	21.1 (70.0)	24.0 (75.2)	24.7 (76.5)	21.4 (70.5)	18.3 (64.9)	14.6 (58.3)	11.4 (52.5)	16.4 (61.5)
Record low °C (°F)	0.2 (32.4)	−0.1 (31.8)	−0.2 (31.6)	4.3 (39.7)	7.5 (45.5)	12.4 (54.3)	15.3 (59.5)	14.4 (57.9)	12.5 (54.5)	7.5 (45.5)	5.1 (41.2)	0.8 (33.4)	−0.2 (31.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	118.5 (4.67)	92.4 (3.64)	94.0 (3.70)	65.5 (2.58)	37.1 (1.46)	32.1 (1.26)	19.8 (0.78)	29.9 (1.18)	91.8 (3.61)	114.1 (4.49)	126.9 (5.00)	127.3 (5.01)	949.3 (37.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	10.90	9.87	8.93	6.90	4.33	2.76	2.03	2.27	7.40	7.93	10.70	11.73	85.75
Average relative humidity (%)	74.1	71.9	71.3	70.9	69.1	68.3	68.1	68.8	71.4	73.9	74.7	74.0	71.4
Average dew point °C (°F)	7.6 (45.7)	6.7 (44.1)	8.1 (46.6)	10.1 (50.2)	13.2 (55.8)	15.8 (60.4)	19.5 (67.1)	20.7 (69.3)	18.5 (65.3)	15.8 (60.4)	12.0 (53.6)	8.9 (48.0)	13.1 (55.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	142.6	153.2	207.7	222.0	277.5	300.0	334.2	314.0	231.9	199.0	150.9	126.5	2,659.5
Source 1: NOAA,[17] (Dew point for 1981-2010)[18]
Source 2: Temperature estreme in Toscana[19]

Government

See also: List of mayors of Messina

Main sights

Panorama of the Messina Strait seen from Messina towards the Italian mainland. Reggio Calabria is visible on the right.

Abandoned houses dating from the 18th century in the ancient quarter of Tirone

Religious architecture

Cathedral of Messina.

Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani.

13th century Church of Santa Maria degli Alemanni

The extant octagonal tower of the 11th century Matagrifone Castle and the Cristo Re sanctuary

• The cathedral (12th century), containing the remains of the king Conrad, ruler of Germany and Sicily in the 13th century. The building had to be almost entirely rebuilt in 1919–20, following the devastating 1908 earthquake, and again in 1943, after a fire triggered by Allied bombings. The original Norman structure can be recognised in the apsidal area. The façade has three late Gothic portals, the central of which probably dates back to the early 15th century. The architrave is decorated with a sculpture of Christ Among the Evangelists and various representations of men, animals and plants. The tympanum dates back to 1468. The interior is organised in a nave and two equally long aisles divided by files of 28 columns. Some decorative elements belong the original building, although the mosaics in the apse are reconstructions. Tombs of illustrious men besides Conrad IV include those of Archbishops Palmer (died in 1195), Guidotto de Abbiate (14th century) and Antonio La Legname (16th century). Special interest is held by the Chapel of the Sacrament (late 16th century), with scenic decorations and 14th-century mosaics. The bell tower holds the Messina astronomical clock, one of the largest astronomical clocks in the world, built-in 1933 by the Ungerer Company of Strasbourg. The belfry's mechanically animated statues, which illustrate events from the civil and religious history of the city every day at noon, are a popular tourist attraction.
• The Sanctuary of Santa Maria del Carmelo (near the Courthouse), built-in 1931, contains a 17th-century statue of the Virgin Mary. See also Chiesa del Carmine.
• The Sanctuary of Montevergine, where the incorrupt body of Saint Eustochia Smeralda Calafato is preserved.
• The Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani (late 12th–13th century). Dating from the late Norman period, it was transformed in the 13th century when the nave was shortened and the façade added. It has a cylindrical apse and a high dome emerging from a high tambour. Noteworthy is the external decoration of the transept and the dome area, with a series of blind arches separated by small columns, clearly reflecting Arabic architectural influences.
• The Church of Santa Maria degli Alemanni (early 13th century), which was formerly a chapel of the Teutonic Knights. It is a rare example of pure Gothic architecture in Sicily, as is witnessed by the arched windows and shapely buttresses.

The giants Mata and Grifone, whose stories are told about the city, are brought around Messina during the second week of August

The Madonna della Lettera that dominates the port of Messina is the Patron Saint of the city, celebrated on 3 June

Civil and military architecture

Fountain of Orion in Piazza Duomo

Porta Grazia

Statue of Don John of Austria, hero of Lepanto

Palazzo della Provincia, Corso Cavour

• The Botanical Garden Pietro Castelli of the University of Messina.
• The Palazzo Calapaj-d'Alcontresj, an example of 18th-century Messinese architecture which is one of the few noble palazzi to have survived the 1908 earthquake.
• The Forte del Santissimo Salvatore, a 16th-century fort in the Port of Messina.
• The Forte Gonzaga, a 16th-century fort overlooking Messina.
• The Porta Grazia, 17th-century gate of the "Real Cittadella di Messina", by Domenico Biundo and Antonio Amato, a fortress still existing in the harbour.
• The Pylon, built in 1957 together with a twin located across the Strait of Messina, to carry a 220 kV overhead power line bringing electric power to the island. At the time of their construction, the two electric pylons were the highest in the world. The power line has since been replaced by an underwater cable, but the pylon still stands as a freely accessible tourist attraction.
• The San Ranieri lighthouse, built in 1555.
• The Palazzo della Provincia (Palazzo dei Leoni), provincial Seat, built in 1914 by Alessandro Giunta.
• The Palace of Culture, built in 2009.

Monuments

• The Fountain of Orion, a monumental civic sculpture located next to the cathedral, built in 1547 by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli, student of Michelangelo, with a Neoplatonic-alchemical program. It was considered by art historian Bernard Berenson "the most beautiful fountain of the sixteenth century in Europe".
• The Fountain of Neptune, looking towards the harbour, built by Montorsoli in 1557.
• The monument to John of Austria, by Andrea Camalech (1572)
• The Senatory Fountain, built in 1619.
• The Four Fountains, though only two elements of the four-cornered complex survive today.
• LaFenice, a sculpture on Piazza della Memoria

One of the two surviving Four Fountains dating from the 17-18th centuries. Located on the corner of Via 1 Settembre and Via Cardines

Museums

• Museo Regionale di Messina (MuMe) hosting notable paintings by Caravaggio, Antonello da Messina, Alonzo Rodriguez, Mattia Preti
• The Galleria d'Arte Contemporanea di Messina, hostings paintings by Giò Pomodoro, Renato Guttuso, Lucio Fontana, Corrado Cagli, Giuseppe Migneco, Max Liebermann

Public transport

Railways

The new Messina Centrale station building was projected following the modern criteria of the futurist architect Angiolo Mazzoni, and is extended through the stations square. It is at almost contiguous with Messina Marittima station, located by the port and constituting a Ferry transport in the Strait of Messina to Villa San Giovanni station across the Strait of Messina.^[20] In 2021 the harbor of Messina was the busiest passenger port in Europe with over 8.232.000 passenger crossings in one year.^[21]

The station is electrified and served by regional trains. For long-distance transport it counts some InterCity and ICN night trains to Rome, linking it also with Milan, Turin, Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Florence, and other cities. It is also part of the projected Berlin–Palermo railway axis.

Since 2010, a suburban train service has been carried out along the Messina-Catania-Syracuse railway with routes serving the stations of Fiumara Gazzi, Contesse, Tremestieri, Mili Marina, Galati, Ponte Santo Stefano, Ponte Schiavo, San Paolo and Giampilieri.^[22]

Bus and tram

Messina's public bus system is operated by ATM Messina:^[23] starting from 8 October 2018, has reorganized the offer of public transport, introducing a bus line (line 1 - Shuttle 100) which with a frequency of approx. 15 minutes, it crosses 38 of the total 50 km of the coast of the City of Messina. Thus, a comb service is created, with interchange stops at which the buses to and from the villages terminate, and with the tram which reaches a frequency of about 20 minutes.^[24] About 36 different routes reach every part of the city and also the modern Messina tramway^[25] (at "Repubblica" stop, on station's square), opened in 2003. This line is 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi) and links the city's central railway station with the city centre and harbour.

The industrial plan provides for the purchase of about 66 buses in the three-year period 2020–2022 to improve the environmental performance and comfort of the fleet. Furthermore, the resources equal to 1.82 million euros, coming from the PON Metro 2014-2020 will allow:

• Installation of the AVM system on the vehicles;
• Installation of turnstiles on electric buses;
• Implementation of the electronic ticketing system;
• Installation of electronic poles.^[26][27]

Sports team

• A.C.R. Messina
• S.S.D. Città di Messina

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Messina

List of notable people from Messina or connected to Messina, listed by career and then in alphabetical order by last name.

Actors

• Adolfo Celi, actor (1922–1986)
• Tano Cimarosa, actor (1922–2008)
• Maria Grazia Cucinotta, actress (born 1968)
• Nino Frassica, actor (born 1950)
• Massimo Mollica, actor (1929–2013)
• Adua Del Vesco, actress (born 1992)
• Ninni Bruschetta, actor (born 1962)
• Marina La Rosa, actress and Grande Fratello (season 1) contestant (born 1977)
• Gino Buzzanca, actor (1912–1985)

Artists and designers

• Girolamo Alibrandi, painter (1470–1524)
• Anna Maria Arduino (1672 – 1700), 17th century painter, writer and socialite, served as the Princess of Piombino, from Messina.^[28]
• Antonio Barbalonga, painter (17th century)
• Francesco Comande, painter (16th century)
• Antonello da Messina, major painter of the Renaissance (1430–1479)
• Giuseppe Migneco, painter (1908–1997)
• Giovanni Quagliata, painter (1603–1673)
• Filippo Juvarra, Baroque architect (1678–1736)
• Mariano Riccio, painter (1510–1593)
• Alonzo Rodriguez, painter (1578–1648)
• Valentina Romeo (born 1977), cartoonist, illustrator, billiards player
• Giovanni Tuccari, painter (1667–1743)
• Pino da Messina, painter (born 15th century)

Politicians, civil service, military

• Giuseppe La Farina, leader of the Italian Risorgimento (1815–1863)
• Gaetano Martino, politician, physician and professor. (1900–1967)
• Giuseppe Natoli, lawyer and politician (1815–1867)
• Luigi Rizzo, naval officer and First World War hero (1887–1951)
• Carlo Stagno D'Alcontres, politician, Prince of Alcontres and mayor of Messina (1913–1981)

Musicians, composers

• Mario Aspa, composer (1797–1868)
• Filippo Bonaffino (fl. 1623), Italian madrigal composer
• Alberto Urso, singer (born 1997)
• Peppino D'Agostino, guitarist (born 1956)

Religion

• Eustochia Smeralda Calafato, saint (1434–1485)
• Annibale Maria Di Francia, saint (1851–1927)
• Pope Leo II, bishop of Rome (611–683)

Sport

• Tony Cairoli, motocross world champion (born 1985)
• Vincenzo Nibali, cyclist (born 1984)
• Antonio Stelitano, Italian footballer (born 1987)
• Antonino Ragusa, Italian footballer (born 1990)

Researchers, academics

• Aristocles of Messene, peripatetic philosopher (1st century AD)
• Dicaearchus, Greek philosopher and mathematician (350 BC—323 BC)
• Caio Domenico Gallo, historian (1697–1780)
• Francesco Maurolico, astronomer, mathematician and humanist (1494–1575)
• Agostino Scilla, painter, paleontologist, geologist and pioneer in the study of fossils (1629–1700)
• Giuseppe Seguenza, naturalist and geologist (1833–1889)
• Giuseppe Sergi, anthropologist and psychologist (1841–1936)
• Michele Parrinello, physicist (born 1945)
• Giulio Tarro, doctor and scientist (born 1938)
• Gaetano Martino, scientist (1900–1967)

Others

• Stefano D'Arrigo, writer (1919–1992)
• Guido delle Colonne, judge and writer (13th century)
• Santi Visalli, American photographer and photojournalist (born 1932)
• Tommaso Cannizzaro, writer (1838–1921)

Literary references

The statue of Messina

Pitoni, a common dish in Messina

Numerous writers set their works in Messina, including:

• Plutarch – The Life of Pompey (40 BC?)
• Giovanni Boccaccio – Decameron IV day V novel, Lisabetta da Messina – IV day IV Novel, Gerbino ed Elissa (1351)
• Matteo Bandello – Novelliere First Part, novel XXII (1554)
• William Shakespeare – Much Ado about Nothing (1598) and Antony and Cleopatra (1607)
• Molière – L'Étourdi ou Les Contre-temps (1654)
• Friedrich Schiller – Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina, 1803)
• Silvio Pellico – Eufemio da Messina (1818)
• Friedrich Nietzsche – Idyllen aus Messina (Idylls from Messina, 1882)
• Giovanni Pascoli – poem L'Aquilone (1904)
• Elio Vittorini – Le donne di Messina (Women of Messina, 1949) and Conversazione in Sicilia (Conversations in Sicily, 1941)
• Stefano D'Arrigo – Horcynus Orca (1975)
• Julien Green – Demain n'existe pas (1985)

Twin Towns

• Telki, Hungary
• Kronstadt, Russia

See also

• Italy portal
• European Union portal
• Cities portal

• International Rally of Messina
• Messina Centrale railway station
• Messina Grand Prix held between 1959 and 1961
• Strait of Messina Bridge
• Torre Faro 224 metres tall lattice tower
• Zanclean Age of the Pliocene Epoch in geology, named for Zancle, ancient Messina
• Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch in geology, named for Messina

Notes

1. Latin: Messana; Ancient Greek: Μεσσήνη, romanized: Messḗnē.

References

1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. Data from ISTAT
3. "Messina" (US) and "Messina". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
4. "Messina". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
5. "Messina". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
6. "Resident population on 1st January". dati.istat.it. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
7. "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas [urb_lpop1]". Eurostat. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
8. Solinus, Polyhistor, 2.10
9. Diodorus Siculus, Library, § 11.59.1
10. Campione, Giuseppe (2003). La composizione visiva del luogo: appunti di geografia immediata (in Italian). Rubbettino Editore. ISBN 978-88-498-0663-2.
11. "Epidemiology of the Black Death and Successive Waves of Plague" by Samuel K Cohn JR. Medical History.
12. La Piazza Marittima di Messina (1939-1943)
13. Proposta l’istituzione di una "giornata della memoria" degli 854 messinesi morti sotto i bombardamenti del ‘43
14. Presidenza della Repubblica
15. "The Messina Declaration 1955 final document of The Conference of Messina 1 to 3 June 1955 – birth of the European Union". Eu-history.leidenuniv.nl. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
16. "Delimiting the territory of the Greek linguistic minority of Messina" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
17. "WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Messina-16420". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
18. "WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Messina(WMO number: 16420)" (XLS). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 29 February 2024. Parameter code: 39 - Dew Point Temperature
19. "Messina Osservatorio Meteorologico" (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscana. Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
20. Stazione di Messina Marittima Fondazione FS Italiane
21. Top 50 Passenger Harbors in Europe Ferrygogo Research
22. Metroferrovia Messina-Giampilieri on Ferroviesiciliane (in Italian)
23. ATM Messina
24. atmmessinaspa.it. "Linee ed orari" (in Italian). Retrieved 10 August 2022.
25. Messina Tramway on ATM website(in Italian)
26. Carta della mobilità 2020 pag.6 su Atmmessinaspa.it 2020
27. Sistema di infomobilità su Ponmetro.it progetti Messina
28. "Donne in Arcadia (1690-1800)". www.arcadia.uzh.ch. Retrieved 9 August 2020.

Sources

See also: Bibliography of the history of Messina

External links

• Official website (in Italian)