Medium-capacity rail system

A medium-capacity system (MCS), also known as light rapid transit or light metro, is a rail transport system with a capacity greater than light rail, but less than typical heavy-rail rapid transit.^[1] MCS trains are usually 1 to 4 cars. Most medium-capacity rail systems are automated or use light-rail type vehicles.

Glasgow Subway

Rapid KL – Kelana Jaya Line

Taipei MRT Wenhu Line (Brown Line)

Toronto subway's former Line 3 Scarborough was fully integrated with the rest of the heavy rail network, despite using light metro technology.

Since ridership determines the scale of a rapid transit system, statistical modeling allows planners to size the rail system for the needs of the area. When the predicted ridership falls between the service requirements of a light rail and heavy rail or metro system, an MCS project is indicated. An MCS may also result when a rapid transit service fails to achieve the requisite ridership due to network inadequacies (e.g. single-tracking) or changing demographics.

In contrast with light rail systems,^[2] an MCS runs on a fully grade separated exclusive right-of-way. In some cases, the distance between stations is much longer than typically found on heavy rail networks. An MCS may also be suitable for branch line connections to another mode of a heavy-capacity transport system, such as an airport or a main route of a metro network.

Definition

A Docklands Light Railway train leaving Canary Wharf DLR station

The definition of a medium-capacity system varies due to its non-standardisation. Inconsistencies in international definitions are even reflected within individual countries. For example, the Taiwan Ministry of Transportation and Communications states that each MCS system can board around 6,000 to 20,000 passengers per hour per direction (p/h/d or PPHPD),^[3] while the Taiwan Department of Rapid Transit Systems (TCG) suggests an MCS has a capability of boarding around 20,000 to 30,000 p/h/d,^[4] and a report from the World Bank places the capacity of an MCS at 15,000 to 30,000 p/h/d.^[5] For comparison, ridership capacity of more than 30,000 p/h/d has been quoted as the standard for metro or "heavy rail" standards rapid transit systems,^[6] while light rail systems have passenger capacity volumes of around 10,000 to 12,000 p/h/d^[5] or 12,000 to 18,000 p/h/d.^[6] VAL (Véhicule Automatique Léger) systems are categorised in the medium-capacity rail systems because their manufacturer defines their passenger capacities as being up to 30,000 p/h/d.^[7] In Hong Kong, MTR's Ma On Shan line could, in some contexts, are classified as a medium-capacity system (as it used shorter 4-car SP1950 trains, compared to 7- to 12-car trains on other heavy rail lines) but can attain up to 32,000 p/h/d which is comparable to the passenger capacity of some full metro transit networks.^[8] However, it was built to the full heavy rail standard as it was designed to be extended. Full-length, 8-car trains were deployed on the line in advance of its extension and the line was extended into the Tuen Ma line in June 2021. Two other lines, the Disneyland Resort line shuttle service to Hong Kong Disneyland Resort since 2005 and the South Island line since December 2016, are also classified as MCS because of their shorter trains and smaller capacity, however they use the same technology as the full-capacity rapid transit lines.

Generally speaking, medium capacity designation is created from relative lower capacity and/or train configuration comparisons to other heavy rail systems in the same area. For example, the train in an MCS may have a shorter configuration than the standard metro system, usually three (though, in some cases, just two) to six traincars, allowing for shorter platforms to be built and used. Rather than using steel wheels, rubber-tyred metro technology, such as the VAL system used on the Taipei Metro, is sometimes recommended, due to its low running noise, as well as the ability to climb steeper grades and turn tighter curves, thus allowing more flexible alignments.

Fully heavy rail or metro systems generally have train headways of 10 minutes or better during peak hours.^[9] Some systems that qualify as heavy rail/metro in every other way (e.g. are fully grade separated), but which have network inadequacies (e.g. a section of single track rail) can only achieve lesser headways (e.g. every 15 minutes) which result in lower passenger volume capacities, and thus would be more accurately defined as "light metro" or "medium-capacity" systems as a result. An example is the LA Metro B/D line during the COVID-19 pandemic, as headways were reduced to every 12-20 minutes on each line.

Terminology

Train on the Copenhagen Metro

Rennes Metro VAL

In addition to MCS, light metro is a common alternative word in European countries, India,^[10][11] and South Korea.^[12]

Ui-Sinseol Line train leaving Solbat Park station in Seoul, South Korea

In some countries, however, light metro systems are conflated with light rail. In South Korea, light rail is used as the translation for the original Korean term, "경전철" – its literal translation is "light metro", but it actually means "Any railway transit other than heavy rail, which has capacity between heavy rail and bus transit".^{[13][14][15][16]} For example, the U Line in Uijeongbu utilises VAL system, a variant of medium-capacity rail transport, and is therefore categorised "light metro" by LRTA and others,^[12] though the operator itself and South Korean sources refer to the U Line as "light rail".^[17] Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit is also akin to a light metro in its appearance and features, thought the operator refers it as a "light rail".^[18] Likewise, Malaysian officials and media commonly refer to the Kelana Jaya, Ampang and Sri Petaling lines as "light rail transit" systems;^[19][20][21] when originally opened, the original Malay abbreviations for the lines, PUTRA-LRT (Projek Usahasama Transit Ringan Automatik/Automatic Light Transit Joint Venture Project) and STAR-LRT (Sistem Transit Aliran Ringan/Light Flow Transit System) did not clearly distinguish between light rail and light rapid transit. Some articles in India also refer to some "light metro"-type systems as "light rail".^[22] The Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA), a nonprofit organisation, also categorises several public transport systems as "light metro".^[23][a]

Advantages and disadvantages

The main reason to build a light metro instead of a regular metro is to reduce costs, mainly because this system employs shorter vehicles and shorter stations.

Light metros may operate faster than heavy-rail rapid transit systems due to shorter dwell times at stations, and the faster acceleration and deceleration of lighter trains.^{[citation needed]} For example, express trains on the New York City Subway are about as fast as the Vancouver SkyTrain, but these express trains skip most stops on lines where they operate.

Medium-capacity systems have restricted growth capacities as ridership increases. For example, it is difficult to extend station platforms once a system is in operation, especially for underground railway systems, since this work must be done without interfering with traffic. Some railway systems, like Hong Kong and Wuhan, may make advance provisions for longer platforms, for example, so that they will be able to accommodate trains with more, or longer cars, in the future. Taipei Metro, for example, constructed extra space for two extra cars in all its Wenhu Line stations.

List of medium-capacity rail systems

See also: List of metro systems

See also: List of tram and light rail transit systems

The following is the list of currently-operating MCSs which are categorised as light metros by the Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) as of March 2018^[update],^[24] unless otherwise indicated.

The list does not include, for example, monorails and urban maglev, despite most of them also being "medium-capacity rail system".

Country	Location	System	Lines	Year opened	Notes
Armenia	Yerevan	Yerevan Metro	1	1981	Rolling stock uses 2 and 3-car trains
Austria	Vienna	Vienna U-Bahn – Line 6	1	1989	Low-floor trains T and T1 built by Bombardier Transportation, 27.3 metres (90 ft) and 26.8 metres (88 ft) long respectively, are operated in 2- or 4-car configurations.
Bulgaria	Sofia	Sofia Metro – Line 3	1	2020	Driverless vehicle system – 60-metre-long (200 ft) trains; Siemens chosen as technology supplier[25]
Canada	Ottawa	O-Train – Confederation Line	1	2019	While using equipment typically employed in light rail systems, the Confederation Line approaches the capacity of a full "light metro" system since it operates with a 2-car (100-metre long) Alstom Citadis Spirit trains.
	Montreal	Réseau express métropolitain	1	2023	Driverless vehicle system.[26] Categorised by itself[27] as a light metro. Trains are 38 metres long.
	Vancouver	SkyTrain	3	1985	While using equipment typically employed in medium-capacity systems, the Expo line approaches the capacity of a full "rapid transit" system since it operates with longer 4- and 6-car Bombardier Innovia Metro trains. However, the Canada Line operates with 2-car Rotem trains.
China	Beijing	Beijing Subway – Yanfang line, Capital Airport Express	2	2008	Capital Airport Express uses 4-car L-type trains, 60m long. Yanfang line uses 4-car B-type trains, 76 metres (249 ft) long, with trains from both lines being driverless.
	Changchun	Changchun Rail Transit – Line 3, Line 4, Line 8	3	2002	All three lines use light rail vehicles, with line 3 also having level crossings.
	Dalian	Dalian Metro – Line 3, Line 12, Line 13	3	2002	Uses 4-car B-type trains, with some trains on line 3 having 2 cars.
	Foshan	Foshan Metro – Line 1 (Nanhai Tram)	1	2021	The line (also called Nanhai New Transit) uses light rail vehicles, 35 metres (115 ft) long.[28]
	Guangzhou	Guangzhou Metro – Line 4, Line 6, Guangfo line, and Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover System	4	2005	Lines 4 and 6 use 4-car L-type trains, 67m long. Guangfo line uses 4-car B-type trains, 76 metres (249 ft) long. Zhujiang New Town Automated People Mover uses 14 Bombardier Transportation's APM 100 cars built in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[29]
	Nanjing	Nanjing Metro – Line S6, Line S7, Line S8, Line S9	4	2014	Lines S6, S7, and S8 use 4-car B-type trains, 76 metres (249 ft) long, while line S9 uses 3-car B-type trains, 57 m long.
	Shanghai	Shanghai Metro – Line 5 (branch), Line 6, and Pujiang Line	3	2003	Line 5 branch and line 6 use 4-car, 76 metres (249 ft) long, C-type trains. Pujiang line uses 11 Bombardier Transportation's APM 300 cars.[30]
	Tianjin	Tianjin Metro – Line 9	1	2004	Line 9 uses 4-car B-type trains, 76 metres (249 ft) long.
	Wuhan	Wuhan Metro – Line 1	1	2004	Line 1 uses 4-car B-type trains, 76 metres (249 ft) long.
	Hong Kong	Disneyland Resort Line (Penny's Bay Rail Link)	1	2005	Trains: 4 compartments without drivers. Some[clarification needed] of the M-Train cars used in the Disneyland Resort line were originally ordered from 1994–1998 as subtype H-Stock train (Phase 3 EMU, A/C 270–291, B/C 486–496). Units A/C274 A/C281 A/C284 A/C289 A/C291 and B/C490 are now used on the Disneyland Resort line.
		South Island line	1	2016	Trains: 3-car S-Trains. Categorised as a "medium-capacity rail transport system".[31]
	Macau	Macau Light Rapid Transit	1	2019	Uses Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover APM vehicles with rubber tyres running on concrete tracks.[32] Mitsubishi supplied 55 two-car trains that are fully automated (driverless) and utilise a rubber-tyred APM system.[33] They have a capacity of up to 476 passengers.[32]
Denmark	Copenhagen	Copenhagen Metro	4	2002	Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 3-car configuration, 39 metres (128 ft) length.
France	Lille	Lille Metro	2	1983	VAL people mover system. Trains: 2-car configuration, 26 metres (85 ft) in length, with a passenger capacity of 208–240 per train (depending on VAL 206 or VAL 208 train). UrbanRail.net describes it as a "new generation of metro systems".[34]
	Lyon	Lyon Metro	4	1978	Trains: Driverless, 2 or 3-car configuration, 36 metres (118 ft) to 54 metres (177 ft) long. Can carry 252 to 325 people in a train.
	Marseille	Marseille Metro	2	1977	Trains: 4-car configuration, 65 metres (213 ft) long.
	Paris	Orlyval	1	1991	VAL people mover system, using VAL 206 vehicles.
	Rennes	Rennes Metro	2	2002	VAL people mover system – while trains have 80 second headways, they can only carry 158 people per train. Described as a "mini-metro line".[35]
	Toulouse	Toulouse Metro	2	1993	Although a VAL system, LRTA defines the system as "Metro". On the other hand, UrbanRail.net describes it as a "light metro VAL system".[36]
Hungary	Budapest	Budapest Metro Line 1	1	1896	Trains: The line uses 3-car, 30 metres (98 ft) long trains that can hold up to 190 people.
India	Gurgaon	Rapid Metro Gurgaon	1	2013	Driverless vehicle system. The line is designed to carry up to 30,000 passengers per hour.[37][38][39] Several articles define the system as "light metro".[37][38][39]
Indonesia	Jakarta	Jakarta LRT[40]	1	2019[41]	Jakarta LRT is the first line in Jakarta to use a third rail system. It uses standard gauge (1435 mm). One trainset can carry 270-278 passengers[42]
		Jabodebek LRT	2	2023	The elevated standard-gauge line is electrified at 750V dc third rail. It has moving block signalling designed for headways of 2–3 minutes.[43]
	Palembang	Palembang LRT	1	2018	Trains uses 3-car configuration
Italy	Brescia	Brescia Metro	1	2013	Trains: 3-car configuration, 39 metres (128 ft) length.
	Catania	Catania Metro	1	1999	Single-tracked at-grade section limits headways to 15 minutes. Currently 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) of double track extension are under construction.[44]
	Genoa	Genoa Metro	1	1990	Generally considered to be a "light metro" considering its low frequency, limited hours of operation and reduced transport capacity. It is actually categorised as "light rail" by LRTA.
	Milan	MeLA[45] Milan Metro: Line 4 and Line 5	3	1999, 2013, 2022	Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 4-car configuration, 50.5 metres (166 ft) length, capacity for 536 passengers.
	Naples	Naples Metro	1	1993	Line 6 is categorised as "light metro", with only 16 minute headways. Line 1 has a single-tracked tunnel section.
	Perugia	MiniMetro	1	2008	LRTA defines the system as a "light metro", while they regarded the same system in Laon, which ceased in 2016, as a "cable monorail".
	Turin	Turin Metro	1	2006	VAL people mover system.
Japan	Hiroshima	Astram Line	1	1994	Driverless vehicle system. A small part of the underground section was built as Metro system.
	Kobe	Kobe New Transit	2	1981, 1990	Trains: Port Island Line and Rokkō Island Line. Both consist of 4-car configuration (300 people per train), but the platforms are made for fitting to 6-car configuration.
	Osaka	Nankō Port Town Line	1	1981	Trains: 4-car configuration, but the platforms are designed to apply to 6-car.
	Saitama	New Shuttle	1	1983	Trains: 6-car configuration, rubber-tyred and operated manually.
	Tokyo	Nippori-Toneri Liner	1	2008	Trains: 5-car configuration, driverless vehicle system.
		Yurikamome	1	1995	Trains: 6-car configuration, driverless vehicle system.
	Yokohama	Kanazawa Seaside Line	1	1989	Driverless vehicle system.
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Rapid KL – Kelana Jaya Line, Ampang Line, Sri Petaling Line, Shah Alam Line	4	1998, 1996	KELANA JAYA LINE: Bombardier INNOVIA ART 200 Trains: Mixed 2-car,[46] 4-car configuration fleet Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 Trains: 4-car configuration AMPANG AND SRI PETALING LINES: CRRC Zhuzhou LRV Trains: 6-car configuration SHAH ALAM LINE: 3-car CRRC Light Rail vehicles
Philippines	Manila	LRT Line 1	1	1984	Trains: Line began with 2-car configuration, reconfigured to 3-car in 1999,[47] and procured new 4-car trains in 1999,[47] 2006, and 2022.[48] Line was originally designed for 18,000 p/h/d capacity,[47] increased to 40,000 p/h/d in 2006.[49] Categorised as "light rail" by LRTA.[50]
		MRT Line 3	1	1999	Trains: 3-car configuration, with a max. capacity of 1,182 passengers, and running with 3.5–4 minute headways. 4-car trains with a max. capacity of 1,576 passengers were introduced in 2022.[51] However, line is designed for 23,000 p/h/d capacity, expandable to 48,000 p/h/d.[52]
Russia	Moscow	Moscow Metro: Line 12 – Butovskaya Line	1	2003	Can carry 6,700 p/h/d.[citation needed] Trains: 3-car configuration, ~85 metres (279 ft) length
Singapore	Singapore	Singapore MRT: Circle line, Downtown line and Jurong Region line (future)	3	2009, 2013, 2027	The Circle line rolling stock consists of Alstom C830 and C830C trains in 3-car formations with a capacity of 931 passengers. The Downtown line rolling stock consists of Bombardier C951 & C951A trains also in 3-car formations with a capacity of 931 passengers. The Jurong Region line rolling stock will consist of Hyundai Rotem J151 trains in 3-car formations with a capacity of 600 passengers.
South Korea	Busan	Busan Metro Line 4	1	2009	Unmentioned by LRTA, though UrbanRail.net categorises the line as a "light metro".[53]
		Busan–Gimhae Light Rail Transit	1	2011	Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 2-car configuration. Unmentioned by LRTA, but the operator calls the system "light rail".[18]
	Gimpo	Gimpo Goldline	1	2019	Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned.
	Incheon	Incheon Subway Line 2	1	2016	Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned.
	Seoul	Ui LRT	1	2017	Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned.
		Sillim Line	1	2022	Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned.
	Uijeongbu	U Line	1	2012	VAL driverless system. Trains: 2-car configuration. Categorised as a "light metro" by LRTA and elsewhere,[12] though there are also articles categorizing it as "Light Rail".[17]
	Yongin	Yongin Everline	1	2013	Driverless vehicle system applied.
Spain	Barcelona	Barcelona Metro: Line 8 and Line 11	2	2003	Driverless vehicle system. Trains: 2-car configuration. LRTA also categorises Line 8 as "light metro".
	Málaga	Málaga Metro	1	2014	System contains at-grade intersections on surface section of Line 1.[54] Described as a "light metro" by at least one rail publication.[55]
	Palma, Majorca	Palma Metro: Line M1	1	2007	Mostly underground line operates with just 15-minute headways and 2-car trains (306 passengers max.); one reference[56] even categorises line as "light rail".
	Seville	Seville Metro	1	2000	Trains: 31.3 metres (103 ft) length with a max. capacity of 280 passengers. Described as a "light metro" by rolling stock manufacturer, CAF.[57]
Switzerland	Lausanne	Lausanne Métro	2	1991	Line M1 uses light rail vehicles, 30 metres (98 ft) long. Line M2 has driverless, rubber-tyred trains; 30 metres (98 ft) long.[citation needed]
Taiwan	Taipei	Taipei Metro: Wenhu/Brown Line and Circular/Yellow Line	2	1996, 2020	Brown Line (Line 1) – Trains: Rubber-tire system; 4-car configuration; categorised as a part of the "metro" by LRTA. Yellow Line – 4-car AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro vehicles, categorised as a "light metro" by LRTA.
	Taichung	Taichung Metro: Green Line	1	2021	2-car EMU.[58]
Thailand	Bangkok	Bangkok MRT: MRT Purple Line	1	2016	3-car configuration
Turkey	Ankara	Ankaray Light Metro (A1 Line)	1	1996	Trains: 3-car configuration, approx. 90 metres (300 ft) length. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA, though Current capacity: 27,000 p/h/d.[59]
	Bursa	Bursaray	2	2002	Uses light rail cars, similar to Frankfurt U-Bahn
	Istanbul	Istanbul Metro: M1 Line (Istanbul Hafif Metro)	1	1989	Trains: 4-car configuration. "Hafif Metro" literally translates as "Light Metro". Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA.
	İzmir	İzmir Metro: M1 Line (İzmir Hafif Rayli Metro Sistemi)	1	2000	Trains: 5-car configuration, upgraded from former 3- and 4-car configurations
United Kingdom	Glasgow	Glasgow Subway	1	1896	Gauge: 4 ft (1,219 mm). Trains: 3-car configuration.
	London	Docklands Light Railway	7	1987	Driverless vehicle system. Trains: generally 2- to 3-car configuration. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA.
	Tyne and Wear	Tyne and Wear Metro	2	1980	Trains: 2 MU configuration with 7 level crossings[60] it is technically a semi-metro[61] system.
United States	Detroit	Detroit People Mover	1	1987	Considered to be a "people mover".
	Honolulu	Skyline	1	2023	Trains: 4-car Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro trains, 78m (256ft) long.
	Miami	Metromover	3	1986	Considered to be a "people mover".
	Philadelphia	Norristown High Speed Line (part of the SEPTA rail system)	1	1907	Operates on a private primarily surface-level "right-of-way" with partial triple-tracking, allowing for peak express services. Has been categorised by APTA as being "Light rapid rail transit"[62] (i.e. between "rapid transit (heavy rail)" and "light rail"). While it has high platforms and third rail power, all intermediate stops are flag stops and fares must be paid to the operator upon boarding except at the termini. This makes it difficult to categorise, as it has the infrastructure and rolling stock of a light metro but is operated in many ways like a trolley or bus service.
Venezuela	Maracaibo	Maracaibo Metro	1	2006	Trains: 3-car trainset configuration, ~58 metres (190 ft) length (originally designed for Prague Metro). Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA.
	Valencia	Valencia Metro	1	2007	Trains: 2-car Siemens SD-460 configuration, ~55 metres (180 ft) length. Categorised as a "light rail" by LRTA.

Under construction

Country	Location	System	Planned opening
Romania	Cluj-Napoca	Cluj-Napoca Metro	2026

Former MCSs

The following is the list of former-MCSs that either developed into a full rapid transit system, or which are no longer in operation:

• Guangzhou, China
  • Line 3 – began with 3-car configuration, changed to 6-car in 2010.
• Komaki, Japan
  • Peachliner – abandoned on 30 September 2006.
• Seoul, South Korea
  • Line 9 – trains lengthened from 4 cars to 6 cars in 2019.^[63]
• Sha Tin and Ma On Shan, Hong Kong
  • Ma On Shan Rail – converted from 4- to 8-car configuration and became part of Tuen Ma line.
• Toronto, Ontario
  • Line 3 Scarborough – Categorised by APTA as being "intermediate rail" (i.e. between "heavy rail" and "light rail"),^[64] and categorised as a "light metro" by LRTA.^[24] Scheduled to cease operations in November 2023, service was suspended following a derailment in July 2023 and was not resumed, instead being replaced by an express bus service.^[65]

See also

• Automated guideway transit
• Light rail
• Maglev
• Metro
• Premetro
• Passenger rail terminology
• Rail transport
• Rubber-tyred metro
• People mover
• VAL

Notes

1. The French term Métro léger, a literal translation of "light metro", means light rail.

References

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Bibliography

• Taplin, Michael. "A world of trams and urban transit". lrta.org. Light Rail Transit Association.
• "Metros: Keeping pace with 21st century cities". uitp.org. International Association of Public Transport (French: L'Union internationale des transports publics (UITP)).
• Schwandl, Robert. "UrbanRail.Net". UrbanRail.Net.

External links

• Urban rail transit definitions by the US Transportation Research Board and the American Public Transportation Association
• Jane's Urban Transport Systems