The following events happened in May 1938:
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- The Nationalist faction ordered the reinstatement of the Society of Jesus in Nationalist-held territory. The Jesuits had been ordered to dissolve and their property confiscated by the Spanish government in 1932.[7]
- Pope Pius XI was quoted in L'Osservatore Romano as saying that it was a "sad thing" for "another cross that is not the cross of Christ" to be erected in Rome. This was understood as referring to the swastikas on display around the city in honour of Adolf Hitler's visit.[8]
- The French passenger steamer Lafayette caught on fire in Le Havre and was a total loss.[9]
- Born: Tyrone Davis, blues and soul singer, in Greenville, Mississippi (d. 2005)
- Died: Carl von Ossietzky, 48, German journalist, political activist and Nobel laureate
- The Soviet Union announced the appointment of Alexey Merekalov as the new Ambassador to Nazi Germany.[11]
- In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the date on the death certificate of the Wicked Witch of the East is May 6, 1938. This was the 19th anniversary of the death of L. Frank Baum, the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz book, on May 6, 1919.[12]
- Born: Larry Gogan, broadcaster, in Dublin, Ireland (d. 2020); Haryono Suyono, Indonesian national Family Planning Coordination Body and the helper of 2nd president of Indonesia, Soeharto.
- The Japanese began the Amoy Operation to blockade China.
- An underground explosion at the Markham Colliery in Duckmanton, England killed 79 men.[21]
- Mexico severed diplomatic ties with Britain over London's demands for a settlement of claims arising from the Mexican nationalization of foreign-owned oil properties.[24]
- Died: Charles Édouard Guillaume, 77, Swiss physicist and Nobel laureate
- 5,000 marched in an anti-Nazi demonstration through the streets of Prague.[28]
- British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax told the French ambassador not to count on British support in the event of a war over Czechoslovakia.[34] Poland's ambassador also told French Foreign Secretary Georges Bonnet that Poland would not move if France moved against Germany to defend Czechoslovakia.[35]
- The Stromboli volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea erupted spectacularly.[3]
- Born: Richard Benjamin, actor and director, in New York City
- Died: William Glackens, 68, American painter
- Hitler laid the cornerstone for a new Volkswagen plant in the Fallersleben district of Wolfsburg. Mass production was projected to begin there by the end of 1939.[36]
- Born: William Bolcom, composer and pianist, in Seattle, Washington; Pauline Parker, murderer, in Christchurch, New Zealand; Teresa Stratas, operatic soprano, in Toronto, Canada
- Died: John Jacob Abel, 81, American biochemist and pharmacologist
- The 1,495 ton British steamer Greatend was bombed and sunk by Nationalist warplanes at the dock of Valencia. 10 were killed and 18 wounded in bombing of the city itself.[37]
- Born: Jerry West, basketball player, in Chelyan, West Virginia (d. 2024)
Mercer, Derrik, ed. (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 496–497. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
"1938". MusicAndHistory. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
Lane, French (May 8, 1938). "Lawrin Wins Kentucky Derby; Dauber 2d". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. Part 2, p. 1.
Small, Alex (May 10, 1938). "Mussolini Gives Hitler Surprise Fireworks Show". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
Cortada, James W., ed. (1982). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 511. ISBN 0-313-22054-9.
"Vatican Exchanges Diplomatic Officials with Spanish Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. May 17, 1938. p. 10.
Matthäus, Jürgen; Roseman, Mark (2010). Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1933–1938. AltaMira Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-7591-1910-9.
Brecht, Bertolt (2000). Brecht on Performance: Messingkauf and Modelbooks. Bloomsbury. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4081-5455-7.
Hehn, Paul N. (2005). A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8264-1761-9.