Maximinus Daza

Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daza, born as Daza^[i] (Ancient Greek: Μαξιμίνος; 20 November c. 270 – c. July 313), was Roman emperor from 310 to 313. He became embroiled in the civil wars of the Tetrarchy between rival claimants for control of the empire, in which he was defeated by Licinius. A committed pagan, he engaged in one of the last persecutions of Christians, before issuing an edict of tolerance granting Christians their freedoms back near his death. Maximinus Daza is the last to be referred as Pharaoh of Egypt.

Maximinus II Daza
Coin of Maximinus, with the legend: Maximinus p(ius) f(elix) aug(ustus)
Roman emperor (in the East)
Augustus	310 – July 313
Predecessor	Galerius
Successor	Licinius
Co-rulers	Constantine I (West) Maxentius (West)
Caesar	1 May 305 – 310
Born	Daza 20 November c. 270[1][2] near Felix Romuliana, Roman Dacia, Roman Empire (now Gamzigrad, Serbia)
Died	c. July 313[3] (aged c. 42) Tarsus, Cilicia Prima, Roman Empire (now Turkey)
Issue	2 + others
Names Galerius Valerius Maximinus
Father	Galerius (adoptive)
Mother	Sister of Galerius
Religion	Ancient Roman religion

Name

The emperor Maximinus was originally called "Daza", an ancient name with various unknown high distinction meanings in Illyria, where he was born.^[4][7] The form "Daia" given by the Christian writer Lactantius, an important source on the emperor's life, is considered a misspelling.^[8][4] He acquired the name "Maximinus" at the request of his maternal uncle, Galerius (a Roman emperor of Dacian and Thracian origin),^[9][ii] and his full name as emperor was "Galerius Valerius Maximinus Daza".^[11] Modern scholarship often refers to him as "Maximinus Daza", though this particular form is not attested by epigraphic or literary evidence.^[8][12]

Early career

He was born in the Roman Illyria region to the sister of emperor Galerius near their family lands around Felix Romuliana, in Roman Dacia, a rural area then also in the former Danubian region of Moesia, now modern Eastern Serbia.^[13] He showed signs of having a strong Military Aptitude at a young age. He later rose to high distinction after joining the Roman Army.^[14]

In 305, his maternal uncle Galerius became the eastern Augustus and adopted Maximinus as a son and heir, raising him to the rank of Caesar (that is, the junior eastern ruler), and granting him the government of Syria and Egypt.^[14]

Civil war

In 308, after the elevation of Licinius to Augustus, Maximinus and Constantine I were declared filii Augustorum ("sons of the Augusti"), but Maximinus probably started styling himself as Augustus with support of his troops during a campaign against the Sassanids in 310. On the death of Galerius in 311, Maximinus divided the Eastern Empire between Licinius and himself. When Licinius and Constantine I began to make common cause, Maximinus entered into a secret alliance with the usurper Maxentius, who controlled Italy. He came to an open rupture with Licinius in 313; he summoned an army of 70,000 men but sustained a crushing defeat at the Battle of Tzirallum in the neighbourhood of Heraclea Perinthus on 30 April. He fled, first to Nicomedia and afterwards to Tarsus, where he died the following August.^[14]

Persecution of Christians

Re-cut colossal tetrarchic portrait from Asia Minor, potentially depicting Maximinus.^[15]

Maximinus has a controversial name in Christian annals for renewing their persecution after the publication of the Edict of Toleration by Galerius,^[14] acting in response to the demands of various urban authorities asking to expel Christians. In one rescript replying to a petition made by the inhabitants of Tyre, transcribed by Eusebius of Caesarea,^[16] Maximinus expounds a pagan orthodoxy, explaining that it is through "the kindly care of the gods" that one could hope for good crops, health, and the peaceful sea, and that not being the case, one should blame "the destructive error of the empty vanity of those impious men [that] weighed down the whole world with shame". In one extant inscription (CIL III.12132, from Arycanda) from the cities of Lycia and Pamphylia asking for the interdiction of the Christians, Maximinus replied, in another inscription, by expressing his hope that "may those [...] who, after being freed from [...] those by-ways [...] rejoice [as] snatched from a grave illness".^[17]

After the victory of Constantine over Maxentius, however, Maximinus wrote to the Praetorian Prefect Sabinus that it was better to "recall our provincials to the worship of the gods rather by exhortations and flatteries".^[18] Eventually, on the eve of his clash with Licinius, he accepted Galerius' edict; after being defeated by Licinius, shortly before his death at Tarsus, he issued an edict of tolerance on his own, granting Christians the rights of assembling, of building churches, and the restoration of their confiscated properties.^[19]

Plaster cast in the Pushkin Museum of a porphyry bust of a tetrarch from Athribis, now in the Cairo Museum. The bust is labelled as Maximinus, but this cannot be confirmed.^[20] It probably depicts Galerius instead.^[21]

Pharaoh of Egypt

Cartouche of Maximinus Daza, Kaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inos

As Christianity continued to spread in Egypt, the title of Pharaoh was increasingly incompatible with the new religious movements. Maximinus's status as a non-Christian accorded the priests of Egypt an opportunity to style him as Pharaoh, in the same manner that other foreign rulers of Egypt had been styled before. That said, the Roman emperors themselves mostly ignored the status accorded to them by the Egyptians; and their role as god-kings was only ever acknowledged domestically by the Egyptians themselves.^[22] Maximinus would prove to be the last person afforded the traditional titulature of Pharaoh – no Christian Roman/Byzantine emperor, nor Islamic or modern leader, has revived the title since.^[22] As the last monarch to employ traditional pharaonic titulature, Maximinus' death can be seen as marking the end of a 3,400-year-old office.

Death

Maximinus' death was variously ascribed "to despair, to poison, and to the divine justice".^[23]

Based on descriptions of his death given by Eusebius,^[24] and Lactantius^[25] as well as the appearance of Graves' ophthalmopathy in a Tetrarchic statue bust from Anthribis in Egypt sometimes attributed to Maximinus, endocrinologist Peter D. Papapetrou has advanced a theory that Maximinus may have died from severe thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease.^[26]

Maximinus was married at the time of his death, and he left behind an 8 year old son named Maximus and an unnamed 7 year old daughter.^[27][28]

Eusebius on Maximinus

The Christian writer Eusebius claims that Maximinus was consumed by avarice and superstition. He also allegedly lived a highly dissolute lifestyle:

And he went to such an excess of folly and drunkenness that his mind was deranged and crazed in his carousals; and he gave commands when intoxicated of which he repented afterward when sober. He suffered no one to surpass him in debauchery and profligacy, but made himself an instructor in wickedness to those about him, both rulers and subjects. He urged on the army to live wantonly in every kind of revelry and intemperance, and encouraged the governors and generals to abuse their subjects with rapacity and covetousness, almost as if they were rulers with him.
Why need we relate the licentious, shameless deeds of the man, or enumerate the multitude with whom he committed adultery? For he could not pass through a city without continually corrupting women and ravishing virgins.^[29]

According to Eusebius, only Christians resisted him.

For the men endured fire and sword and crucifixion and wild beasts and the depths of the sea, and cutting off of limbs, and burnings, and pricking and digging out of eyes, and mutilations of the entire body, and besides these, hunger and mines and bonds. In all they showed patience in behalf of religion rather than transfer to idols the reverence due to God. And the women were not less manly than the men in behalf of the teaching of the Divine Word, as they endured conflicts with the men, and bore away equal prizes of virtue. And when they were dragged away for corrupt purposes, they surrendered their lives to death rather than their bodies to impurity.

He refers to one high-born Christian woman who rejected his advances. He exiled her and seized all of her wealth and assets.^[30] Eusebius does not give the girl a name, but Tyrannius Rufinus calls her "Dorothea," and writes that she fled to Arabia. This story may have evolved into the legend of Dorothea of Alexandria. Caesar Baronius identified the girl in Eusebius' account with Catherine of Alexandria, but the Bollandists rejected this theory.^[30]

Family tree

v t e Simplified family tree of Tetrarchs
(See also: Chronological scheme of the Tetrarchy, 286–324) DIOCLETIAN Iovius Western Emperor 286–305 Prisca Afranius Hannibalianus (disputed)[M 1] consul 292 Eutropia Maximian Herculius Western Emperor 286–305 Unknown sister Galerius Eastern Emperor 305-311 Galeria Valeria Helena Constantius I Western Emperor 305–306 Constantinian Dynasty Flavia Maximiana Theodora Severus II Western Emperor 306–307 Maximinus II Eastern Emperor 310–313 Valeria Maximilla Maxentius Western Emperor 306–312 Fausta Constantine I Roman Emperor 306–337 Julius Constantius consul 335 Flavia Julia Constantia Licinius I Eastern Emperor 308–324 Martinian Western Emperor 324 Valens I Western Emperor 316–317 Valerius Romulus Constantine II Emperor 337–340 Constantius II Emperor 337–361 Constans I Emperor 337–350 Julian II Emperor 361–363 Licinius II caesar
Notes: Timothy Barnes (New Empire, 33–34) questions the parentage of Theodora shown here. He proposes that Maximian is her natural father (and that her mother is possibly a daughter of Afranius Hannibalianus). Substituting Afranicus Hannibalianus and switching the positions of Maximian and Eutropia would produce a diagram that matches the alternative lineage. Bibliography: Barnes, Timothy D. The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4

See also

• List of Roman emperors
• Civil wars of the Tetrarchy

Notes

1. Or, less correctly, Daia.^[4] Also called Maximinus II,^[5] and sometimes anglicized as Maximin.^[6]
2. Galerius' original cognomen was "Maximinus".^[10]

References

1. Eusebius, On the Martyrs (Syrian), 6. "On the twelfth day before the Kalends of December... he celebrated the festival of his birthday."
2. Barnes 1982, p. 39.
3. Barnes 1982, p. 7.
4. Barnes 2011, p. 206 (note 10).
5. Sear 2011, p. 317.
6. Berchman 2005, p. 22.
7. Mackay 1999, p. 209.
8. Mackay 1999, pp. 208–209.
9. Mackay 1999, p. 206.
10. Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors, Chapter 18
11. Mackay 1999, p. 208.
12. Leadbetter 2010, p. 8.
13. "Maximinus Daza". Roman Colosseum.
14. Chisholm 1911.
15. Lenaghan, J. "Re-cut colossal portrait head of Tetrach. Probably from Asia Minor. Late third to early fourth century". Discussion. Last Statues. Oxford University. LSA-382.
16. Ecclesiastical History, IX, 8-9; Eng. trans. available at . Accessed 2 August 2012
17. Cook, John Granger (2000). The Interpretation of the New Testament in Greco-Roman Paganism. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 304 (footnote 175). ISBN 3-16-147195-4.
18. Ecclesiastical History, IX, 1-10
19. Ecclesiastical History, X, 7-11
20. Bergmann, Marianne (2012). "Life-size porphyry bust of Tetrarch. From Athribis (Augustamnica). 284-305". Last Statues of Antiquity. LSA-836.
21. Weitzmann, Kurt (1977). Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Ar. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780870991790.
22. O'Neill, Sean J. (2011), "The Emperor as Pharaoh: Provincial Dynamics and Visual Representations of Imperial Authority in Roman Egypt, 30 B.C. - A.D. 69", Dissertions of the University of Cincinnati
23. Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter 14
24. Ecclesiastical History, IX, 14-15,
25. Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors, Chapter 49
26. Papapetrou, Peter D. (2013). "Maximinus Daia, a Roman emperor who may have had Graves' disease and died of a thyrotoxic crisis". Hormones. 12 (1): 142–145. doi:10.1007/BF03401296. PMID 23624140.
27. Barnes 1981, p. 64.
28. DiMaio 1996.
29. Ecclesiastical History, VIII, 14.
30. "Santa Dorotea di Alessandria su santiebeati.it". Santiebeati.it. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

Sources

• Barnes, Timothy D. (1981). Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1.
• Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-28066-0.
• Barnes, Timothy D. (2011). Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-1727-2.
• Berchman, Robert M. (2005). Porphyry Against the Christians. BRILL. ISBN 9004148116.
• DiMaio, Michael (1996). "Maximinus Daia (305–313 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis.
• Leadbetter, Bill (2010). Galerius and the Will of Diocletian. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40488-4.
• Mackay, Christopher S. (1999). "Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 198–209. doi:10.1086/449431. JSTOR 270559. S2CID 161141658.
• Sear, David (2011). Roman Coins and Their Values. Vol. 4. Spink & Son, Ltd. ISBN 978-1907427077.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Maximinus, Galerius Valerius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 925.

Further reading

• Christensen, Torben (2012) [1974]. Müller, Mogens (ed.). C. Galerius Valerius Maximinus: Studies in the Politics and Religion of the Roman Empire AD 305–313 (PDF). Copenhagen University. ISBN 978-87-91838-48-4. OCLC 872060636.
• Davis, Raymond (2015). "Maximinus, Gaius Galerius Valerius". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4022. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
• Seeck, Otto (1901). "Daia". In Wissowa, Georg (ed.). Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Vol. IV.2. Stuttgart: Metzlerscher Verlag. columns 1986–1990.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Galerius Constantine I	Roman emperor 310–313 with Galerius, Constantine I and Licinius	Succeeded by Constantine I and Licinius
Political offices
Preceded by Constantius I Galerius	Roman consul 307 with Maximian, Constantine I, Severus II, Galerius	Succeeded by Diocletian Galerius Maxentius Valerius Romulus
Preceded by Tatius Andronicus Pompeius Probus Maxentius	Roman consul II 311 with Galerius, G. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus, Aradius Rufinus	Succeeded by Constantine I Licinius Maxentius
Preceded by Constantine I Licinius Maxentius	Roman consul III 313 with Constantine I, Licinius	Succeeded by G. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus Petronius Annianus