Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony

Prince Maximilian of Saxony (Maximilian Maria Joseph Anton Johann Baptist Johann Evangelista Ignaz Augustin Xavier Aloys Johann Nepomuk Januar Hermenegild Agnellis Paschalis; 13 April 1759 – 3 January 1838) was a German prince and a member of the House of Wettin. He was the sixth child; however, the third child to survive childhood, and youngest surviving son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony, and the German composer Duchess Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria.

Maximilian
Hereditary Prince of Saxony
Portrait by Anton Graff, c. 1792
Born	(1759-04-13)13 April 1759 Dresden
Died	3 January 1838(1838-01-03) (aged 78) Dresden
Burial	Katholische Hofkirche
Spouses	Princess Carolina of Parma ​ ​ (m. 1792; died 1804)​ Princess Maria Luisa Carlota of Parma ​ ​ (m. 1825)​
Issue	Princess Maria Amalie Maria Ferdinanda, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Frederick Augustus II, King of Saxony Prince Clemens Maria Anna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany John, King of Saxony Maria Josepha Amalia, Queen of Spain
Names German: Maximilian Maria Joseph Anton Johann Baptist Johann Evangelista Ignaz Augustin Xavier Aloys Johann Nepomuk Januar Hermenegild Agnellis Paschalis
House	Wettin
Father	Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony
Mother	Maria Antonia Walpurgis of Bavaria

Life

Since he was the youngest son of the family, Maximilian initially had little chance to inherit the Electorate of Saxony. However, by 1800, Maximilian was the third in line to the Electorate due to the children of his two eldest brothers, Frederick Augustus and Anthony, dying in infancy, except Maria Augusta, Frederick Augustus's only surviving offspring. After the creation of the Kingdom of Saxony in 1806, Maximilian became a Prince of Saxony.

After the death of Frederick Augustus in 1827, Anthony succeeded him as King. Maximilian became first in line to the Saxon throne as Hereditary Prince. However, three years later, on 1 September 1830, during the Autumn Disturbances, he renounced his rights of succession in favour of his eldest son, Frederick Augustus. He died eight years later, aged seventy-eight.

Marriages and issue

Portrait of Prince Maximilian of Saxony and his wife Princess Maria Carolina of Parma, by Samuel Gránicher

In Parma on 22 April 1792, Maximilian and Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Parma wed, Maria Carolina being the eldest child of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and Maria Amalia of Austria, by proxy, and in person in Dresden on 9 May 1792.

Maximilian and Carolina bore eight children:

• Maria Amalia (10 August 1794 – 18 September 1870)
• Maria Ferdinanda (27 April 1796 – 3 January 1865); married on 6 May 1821 to Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
• Frederick Augustus II (18 May 1797 – 9 August 1854); King of Saxony, 1836. Married on 7 October 1819 to Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria. Married, secondly, on 24 April 1833 to Princess Maria Anna of Bavaria.
• Clemens Maria Joseph (1 May 1798 – 4 January 1822)
• Maria Anna (15 November 1799 – 24 March 1832); married on 16 November 1817 to Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
• Johann I (12 December 1801 – 29 October 1873); King of Saxony, 1854. Married on 10 November 1822 to Princess Amalie of Bavaria.
• Maria Josepha Amalia (6 December 1803 – 17 May 1829); married on 20 October 1819 to King Ferdinand VII of Spain.

In Lucca on 15 October 1825 Maximilian married Maria Luisa Carlotta of Parma, daughter of King Louis of Etruria and niece of his first wife Carolina, by proxy, and the two wed in person in Dresden on 7 November 1825. She was forty-three years younger than her husband; they had no children.

Honours

•  Poland–Lithuania: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle, 1762^[1]
•  Spain:
  • Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 16 March 1792^[2]
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 10 December 1824^[3]
• French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour, 1807/08^[4]
•  Kingdom of Saxony:^[5]
  • Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1807
  • Grand Cross of the Civil Merit Order, 1815
•  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1808^[6]
• Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders (Christ and St. James), 1825^[7]
•  Two Sicilies: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit^[8]
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Joseph^[9]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony[10]

16. John George III, Elector of Saxony 8. Augustus II of Poland 17. Anne Sophie of Denmark 4. Augustus III of Poland 18. Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 9. Christiane Eberhardine of Bayreuth 19. Sophie Louise of Württemberg 2. Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony 20. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 10. Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 21. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 5. Maria Josepha of Austria 22. John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg 11. Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick 23. Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate 1. Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Saxony 24. Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria 12. Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria 25. Henriette Adelaide of Savoy 6. Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor 26. John III Sobieski 13. Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska 27. Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien 3. Maria Antonia of Bavaria 28. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 14. Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 29. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 7. Maria Amalia of Austria 30. John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg 15. Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick 31. Benedicta Henrietta of the Palatinate

References

1. Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705-2008 (2008). p. 201
2. Guerra, Francisco (1828), "Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro", Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish), p. 43, retrieved 24 August 2020
3. Guerra, Francisco (1828), "Caballeros Grandes Cruces existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Terceros", Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish), p. 50, retrieved 24 August 2020
4. M. & B. Wattel. (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 522. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
5. Königlich sächsischer Hof-Civil-und Militär-Staat. Weidmann. 1828. pp. 52, 74.
6. Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1828. Landesamt. 1828. p. 6.
7. António M. Trigueiros & Gustav A. Tammann (1997). "The Three Portugese [sic] Military Orders of Knighthood (1789-1910)" (PDF). Orders and Medals Society of America: 17. Retrieved 21 March 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
8. Napoli (Stato) Casa e Corte (1823). Almanacco della Real Casa e Corte: per l'anno .... 1823. p. 79.
9. Almanacco toscano. 1832. p. 195.
10. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 99.