Mary (programming language)

Mary is a programming language designed and implemented by Mark Rain^[1] at RUNIT in Trondheim, Norway during the 1970s. It borrowed many features from ALGOL 68 but was designed for systems programming (machine-oriented programming), with a subset of operations being reserved for higher-level usage.^[2]

Mary

Paradigm	imperative
Family	ALGOL
Developer	RUNIT
First appeared	1971; 53 years ago (1971)
Typing discipline	static, strong
OS	Cross-platform: Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk SM-4, Norsk Data Nord-10/ND-100, Univac-1100 series, ND-100/Sintran-III, i386, SPARC
Influenced by
ALGOL 68

An unusual feature of its syntax was that expressions were constructed using the conventional infix operators, but all of them had the same precedence and evaluation went from left to right unless there were brackets.^[3] Assignment had the destination on the right and assignment was considered just another operator.

Similar to C, several language features appear to have existed to allow producing reasonably well optimised code, despite a quite primitive code generator in the compiler. These included operators similar to the += et alter in C and explicit register declarations for variables.

Notable features:

• Dataflow syntax – values flow from left to right, including assignment
• Expression-based;^[4] most constructs could be used in expressions: blocks, IF, CASE, etc.
• Text-based recursive macros
• Overloaded user-defined operators, not constrained to predefined identifiers as in C++
• Automatic building and dereferencing of pointers from type context
• Scalar range types
• Array and set enumeration in loop iterators
• Dynamic array descriptors (ROW)

Compilers were made for Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk's SM-4 and Norsk Data Nord-10/ND-100 mini-computers. The original Mary compiler was written in NU ALGOL, ran on the Univac-1100 series and was used to bootstrap a native compiler for ND-100/Sintran-III. RUNIT implemented a CHILL compiler written in Mary which ran on ND-100 and had Intel 8086 and 80286 targets. When this compiler was ported to the VAX platform, a common backend for Mary and CHILL was implemented. Later, backends for i386 and SPARC were available. Since the Mary compiler was implemented in Mary, it was possible to run the compiler on all these platforms. An improved version, Mary/2, was developed using a new compiler in the United States.^[5]

Mary is no longer maintained.

Example

BEGIN
   INT i := 10;          %% Variable with initial value.
   REF INT ri := i;      %% Pointer initialized to point to i.
   INT j := 11;
   j :- REF INT =: ri;   %% Type conversion and assignment
                         %% ri now points to j.
   i =: (ri :- VAL REF INT);     
                         %% Assignment and type conversion
                         %% ri points to j so j is changed.
   IF j > 10             %% Conditional statement with result
   THEN                  %% used inside an arithmetic expression.
      1
   ELSE
      2
   FI + j =: j;
END

See also

• ALGOL 68

References

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

1. van der Meulen, S. G. (June 1977). "ALGOL 68 might-have-beens". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 12 (6): 1–18. doi:10.1145/872738.807137.
2. Gjessing, Stein; Nygaard, Kristen (1988). ECOOP '88 European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: Oslo, Norway, August 15-17, 1988. Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-50053-7.
3. Rain, Mark (January 1973). "Operation expressions in MARY". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 8 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1145/986925.986927.
4. Hills, Michael Turner; Kanō, Sadahiko (1976). Programming Electronic Switching Systems: Real-time Aspects and Their Language Implications. Peregrinus [for] the Institution of Electrical Engineers. ISBN 978-0-901223-80-7.
5. Rain, Mark. "The Structure of the MARY/2 Compiler". Software, Practice and Experience. 11. Penobscot Research Center: Wiley: 225–235.

Further reading

• Conradi, Reidar; Holager, Per (1974). MARY Textbook. RUNIT. ISBN 978-82-595-0403-6.