Marlborough wine region

The Marlborough wine region is by far New Zealand's largest, accounting for three quarters of the country's wine production, 70% of its vineyard area and 85% of its wine exports.^[1] A Geographical Indication in the north-east of the South Island, it covers the entire Marlborough District and the Kaikōura District of the Canterbury Region,^[2] but in practice the vineyards are concentrated around the Blenheim and Seddon townships. Internationally, Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc is recognised as world class; wine writers such as Oz Clarke and George Taber have described it as the best in the world.^[3][4]

Marlborough

Wine region
Wairau Valley vineyards in Marlborough, New Zealand
Type	Geographical Indication
Year established	2018
Country	New Zealand
Sub-regions	Awatere Valley Southern Valleys Wairau Valley
Size of planted vineyards	27,808 hectares (68,720 acres)
Grapes produced	343,036 tonnes
Varietals produced	Sauvignon Blanc Chardonnay Pinot Noir Pinot Gris
No. of wineries	158
Comments	GI established 2018, commercial vineyards first established in 1973; data from 2020[1]

New Zealand vineyard area by region, 2020. Marlborough accounts for about two thirds of the total vineyard area in New Zealand.

  Marlborough (69.6%)

  Hawke's Bay (12.6%)

  Central Otago (4.8%)

  North Canterbury (3.4%)

  Gisborne (3.0%)

  Nelson (2.8%)

  Wairarapa (2.6%)

  Other (1.1%)

Data from New Zealand Winegrowers annual report.^[1]

History

Early settlers in Marlborough planted vines as early as the 1870s. A small block of Brown Muscat was planted in 1873 by David Herd, but in 1931 his son pulled up the last of the vines, and no others were recorded in the region for the next forty years.^[5] Commercial wine-making began in earnest only in 1973 when the first large-scale vineyards were planted by Montana Wines, at the time New Zealand's largest producer (now Brancott Estate, owned by Pernod Ricard).^[6] Meanwhile in 1975 Daniel Le Brun, a Champagne maker, emigrated to New Zealand to begin producing méthode traditionelle in Marlborough.

Wineries in the Marlborough region were producing outstanding Sauvignon Blanc by the early 1980s, and in 1985 the Sauvignon Blanc from Cloudy Bay Vineyards finally garnered international attention and critical acclaim for New Zealand wine.^[7] Wine writer George Taber recounted in 2006 that Cloudy Bay is "what many people consider to be the world's best Sauvignon Blanc" and Oz Clarke wrote that New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc is "arguably the best in the world."^[4][3] The suitability of the region and later success of Daniel Le Brun's sparkling wines were also sufficient to attract significant investment from Champagne producers.

New Zealand vineyard area by grape variety over time (1990–2020), in hectares.

  Sauvignon Blanc

  Pinot Noir

  Pinot Gris

  Chardonnay

  Riesling

  Syrah

  Cabernet Sauvignon

  Merlot

  Other varieties

The more than five-fold growth of Sauvignon Blanc plantings in the first two decades of the 21st century is evident, along with a similar rapid growth of Pinot Gris. Riesling, Merlot and Chardonnay are more or less unchanged or have declined slightly. A doubling of Pinot Noir has also occurred, and a tripling of the much smaller area of Syrah is countered by a corresponding decline in Cabernet Sauvignon.
Statistics from New Zealand Winegrowers 1998–2020 annual reports.^[8]

New Zealand's plantings of Sauvignon Blanc experienced enormous growth in the 21st century, driven almost exclusively by investment in the Marlborough region.^[5] Vineyard area of the grape expanded from 4,516 hectares (11,160 acres) in 2003 to 23,102 hectares (57,090 acres) in 2018, a five-fold increase in just 15 years.^[1]

Climate and geography

Blenheim
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     49     24 12     49     24 12     47     22 10     53     19 7     61     16 5     71     13 2     74     13 2     62     14 3     65     16 5     67     18 7     55     20 8     58     22 11 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: NIWA Climate Statistics, 1981–2010.[9]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.9     75 53     1.9     75 53     1.8     71 50     2.1     66 44     2.4     61 40     2.8     56 36     2.9     55 35     2.4     57 37     2.6     60 40     2.7     64 44     2.2     68 47     2.3     72 51 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

The soils in the Wairau Valley and the wine-growing districts surrounding Blenheim are primarily free-draining alluvial gravels. The valley is situated between the Richmond Ranges to the north and the Wither Hills to the south, which protect it from extreme weather conditions. These two factors make the valley ideal for viticulture. The climate is usually sunny and warm in summer and autumn, resulting in a long growing season, and the cool night-time sea breezes provide the temperature variation required for good characterful wines.^[6] It can also be very dry, and younger vines often require some degree of irrigation.^[10] Extensive planting has been undertaken on the river terraces and flood plains on the valley floor, although some wineries are using organic practices to also dry-farm vines on north-facing hill slopes.

Sub-regions

Map of the Marlborough wine region

Although the Marlborough GI extends to the entire Marlborough and Kaikoura district boundaries, vineyards are broadly concentrated into three sub-regions.

Wairau Valley

The Wairau Valley is the flood plain and valley floor of the Wairau River, around the town of Blenheim, with deep alluvial gravel soils and river terraces.

Southern Valleys

The Southern Valleys are the north-south tributary valleys on the southern slope of the Wairau Valley. These valleys climb south into the Wither Hills, and form ideal, north-facing slopes with largely glacial loess soils.

Awatere Valley

Vineyards in the Awatere Valley, looking south towards the Kaikōura Ranges

Awatere Valley is further to the south-east and south of the Wither Hills. The most recent sub-region to be substantially developed, it accounts for about a third of the total Marlborough growing area. Vineyards are concentrated in the alluvial valley floor of the Awatere River, centred around the town of Seddon. Vineyards are also planted further up the narrowing river valley floor to the southwest, and further south following State Highway 1 through to the township of Ward. This sub-region is protected from winds by both the Wither Hills and the mountains of the Inland Kaikōura Range to the south, with a generally cooler climate.^[6]

Winemaking and regulations

Quality marks appearing on Marlborough wine labels: Appellation Marlborough Wine (left), and Méthode Marlborough (right).

Marlborough was established in 2018 as a New Zealand geographical indication (GI) under new legislation.^[11][12] In the same year, several Marlborough wineries formed an incorporated society Appellation Marlborough Wine to administer a global label trademark and a certification process to further protect the integrity and quality standards of Marlborough wines.^[13] To qualify, wines must be made entirely from sustainably grown grapes from Marlborough, comply with cropping rates set annually, and be bottled in New Zealand.^[14] Starting with the 2022 vintage, qualifying wines must also be approved by an independent tasting panel.^[15]

Marlborough also hosts significant production of méthode traditionelle sparkling wine made from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir, sufficient to attract investment from large Champagne producers Mumm, Deutz, Moët & Chandon (which now owns Cloudy Bay) and Veuve Clicquot.^[16] In 2013 several Marlborough producers established Méthode Marlborough, a collaborative organisation to set quality standards and promote the brand both domestically and internationally. Méthode Marlborough wines must be produced entirely in Marlborough using the traditional method of production from only Marlborough-grown Pinot Noir,^[17] Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier, and aged on lees for a minimum of 18 months.^[18]

References

1. "Annual Report 2020". New Zealand Winegrowers. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
2. "Marlborough Wine geographical indication". Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
3. Rachman, Gideon (16 December 1999). "The globe in a glass". The Economist. according to Oz Clarke, a respected British critic, New Zealand sauvignon blanc is now "arguably the best in the world."
4. Taber, George (2005). Judgment of Paris: California vs France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine. New York: Scribner. pp. 243. ISBN 978-0-74-324751-1. [Cloudy Bay is ...] what many people consider to be the world's best Sauvignon Blanc
5. Nicholson, Tessa. "Marlborough's Wine History". Wine Marlborough. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
6. "Marlborough Wine". Wine-Searcher. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
7. Robinson, Jancis; Harding, Julia, eds. (2015). "New Zealand". The Oxford Companion to Wine (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 505–509. ISBN 978-0-19-870538-3.
8. "New Zealand Wine: Statistics & Reports". New Zealand Winegrowers. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
9. "Climate Data and Activities". NIWA. 28 February 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
10. Johnson, Hugh; Robinson, Jancis, eds. (2013). "Marlborough". The World Atlas of Wine (7th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-84533-689-9.
11. "Geographical Indications Register: Marlborough". Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
12. Fallis, Catherine (10 November 2018). "New Act Protects New Zealand's Geographical Indications for Wine". The Somm Journal. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
13. "Frequently Asked Questions". Appellation Marlborough Wine. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
14. Robinson, Jancis (7 June 2018). "Appellation Marlborough Wine launched". jancisrobinson.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
15. Campbell, Bob (25 July 2022). "Marlborough appellation strengthened". The Real Review. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
16. Hooke, Huon (12 September 2015). "New Zealand gets some food for thought from Tom Stevenson". The Real Review. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
17. "Pinot noir from Marlborough".
18. "About Us". Méthode Marlborough. Retrieved 27 June 2018. Méthode Marlborough is a society of highly regarded Marborough producers; established with the aim to communicate the quality and heritage of Marlborough traditional method sparkling wines.

External links

• Wine Marlborough official site