Manihot

Manihot is a genus in the diverse milkspurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It was described as a genus in 1754.^[5][3]

Manihot
Manihot palmata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily:	Crotonoideae
Tribe:	Manihoteae
Genus:	Manihot Mill. 1754 not Adans. 1763[1]
Type species
Manihot esculenta Crantz.[2][3]
Synonyms[4]
Hotnima A.Chev. Janipha Kunth Mandioca Link Manihotoides D.J.Rogers & Appan[1]

Species of Manihot are monoecious^[6] trees, shrubs and a few herbs that are native to the Americas, from Arizona in the United States south to Argentina and Uruguay.^[4] The best known member of this genus is the widely cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta).^[7]

Manihot species are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera including Endoclita sericeus and Hypercompe hambletoni.

Species^[4]

1. Manihot acuminatissima Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Bahia
2. Manihot aesculifolia (Kunth) Pohl – Mexico, Central America
3. Manihot alutacea D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
4. Manihot angustiloba (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Arizona
5. Manihot anisophylla (Griseb.) Müll.Arg. – N Argentina
6. Manihot anomala Pohl – South America
7. Manihot attenuata Müll.Arg. - Goiás
8. Manihot auriculata McVaugh – Jalisco, Nayarit
9. Manihot baccata Allem – Fr Guiana, NE Brazil
10. Manihot brachyandra Pax & K.Hoffm. – Bahia
11. Manihot brachyloba Müll.Arg. – Central Amer, Dominican Rep, N South America
12. Manihot brasiliana Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
13. Manihot breviloba – Sergipe
14. Manihot caerulescens Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
15. Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. – N South America, Trinidad, Curaçao
16. Manihot catingae Ule – Bahia, Minas Gerais
17. Manihot caudata Greenm. – N Mexico
18. Manihot cecropiifolia – Goiás, Distrito Federal
19. Manihot chlorosticta Standl. & Goldman – Mexico
20. Manihot compositifolia Allem – Bahia
21. Manihot condensata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Bolivia
22. Manihot congesta Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
23. Manihot corymbiflora Pax & K.Hoffm. – Rio de Janeiro
24. Manihot crassisepala Pax & K.Hoffm. – México State, Morelos, Jalisco
25. Manihot crotalariiformis Pohl – Minas Gerais
26. Manihot davisiae Croizat – Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa
27. Manihot diamantinensis Allem – Bahia
28. Manihot dichotoma Ule – NE Brazil
29. Manihot divergens Pohl – Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais
30. Manihot epruinosa Pax & K.Hoffm. – Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia
31. Manihot esculenta Crantz – from Mexico to Brazil
32. Manihot falcata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás, Distrito Federal
33. Manihot filamentosa Pittier – NW Venezuela
34. Manihot flemingiana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
35. Manihot foetida (Kunth) Pohl – C + N Mexico
36. Manihot fortalezensis Nassar, D.G.Ribeiro, Bomfim & P.T.C.Gomes – Ceará
37. Manihot fruticulosa (Pax) D.J.Rogers & Appan – Brazil
38. Manihot gabrielensis Allem – Goiás
39. Manihot gracilis Pohl – Paraguay, Brazil
40. Manihot grahamii Hook. – S Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
41. Manihot guaranitica Chodat & Hassl. – N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
42. Manihot handroana Cruz – Minas Gerais
43. Manihot hassleriana – Paraguay
44. Manihot heptaphylla Ule – Bahia
45. Manihot hilariana Baill. – Minas Gerais
46. Manihot hunzikeriana Mart.Crov. – Rio Grande do Sul, Misiones
47. Manihot incisa - Goiás, Brazil
48. Manihot inflata Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná
49. Manihot irwinii D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
50. Manihot jacobinensis Müll.Arg. – Mato Grosso, Bahia
51. Manihot janiphoides Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Minas Gerais
52. Manihot jolyana Cruz – São Paulo
53. Manihot leptophylla Pax – NW South America
54. Manihot longepetiolata Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
55. Manihot maracasensis Ule – Bahia
56. Manihot marajoara Huber – Pará, Amapá
57. Manihot mcvaughii V.W.Steinm. – Michoacán
58. Manihot membranacea Pax & K.Hoffm. – Mato Grosso
59. Manihot michaelis McVaugh – Colima, Jalisco
60. Manihot mirabilis Pax – Paraguay
61. Manihot mossamedensis Taub. – Goiás
62. Manihot nana Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Minas Gerais
63. Manihot neusana Nassar – Paraná
64. Manihot nogueirae Allem – Distrito Federal
65. Manihot oaxacana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Oaxaca
66. Manihot obovata J.Jiménez Ram. – Guerrero
67. Manihot oligantha Pax & K.Hoffm. – Goiás
68. Manihot orbicularis Pohl – Goiás
69. Manihot palmata Müll.Arg. – Rio de Janeiro
70. Manihot pauciflora Brandegee – Puebla, Oaxaca
71. Manihot paviifolia Pohl – Goiás
72. Manihot peltata Pohl – Goiás
73. Manihot pentaphylla Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
74. Manihot peruviana Müll.Arg. – Loreto, San Martin
75. Manihot pilosa Pohl – E Brazil
76. Manihot pinatiloba Goiás, Brazil
77. Manihot pohliana Müll.Arg. – Bahia
78. Manihot pohlii Wawra – Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
79. Manihot populifolia Pax – Paraguay
80. Manihot porphyrantha Goiás, Brazil
81. Manihot pringlei S.Watson – Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro
82. Manihot procumbens Müll.Arg. – Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraguay
83. Manihot pruinosa Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
84. Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm. – Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba
85. Manihot pulchrifolius M.J. Silva – Brazil
86. Manihot purpureocostata Pohl – Goiás
87. Manihot pusilla Pohl – Goiás
88. Manihot quinquefolia Pohl – Bahia
89. Manihot quinqueloba Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
90. Manihot quinquepartita Huber ex D.J.Rogers & Appan – Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso
91. Manihot reniformis Pohl – Bahia
92. Manihot reptans Pax – Goiás, Minas Gerais
93. Manihot rhomboidea Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Central America
94. Manihot rubricaulis I.M.Johnst. – Mexico
95. Manihot sagittatopartita Pohl – Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais
96. Manihot salicifolia Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
97. Manihot sparsifolia Pohl – Goiás
98. Manihot stipularis Pax – Distrito Federal, Goiás
99. Manihot stricta Baill. – Peru, Mato Grosso, Goiás
100. Manihot subspicata Rogers & Appan – Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
101. Manihot surinamensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas
102. Manihot tenella Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Paraguay
103. Manihot tomatophylla Standl. – Morelos, Jalisco, Michoacán
104. Manihot tomentosa Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
105. Manihot triloba (Sessé) McVaugh ex Miranda – Mexico
106. Manihot tripartita (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. – Brazil, Paraguay
107. Manihot triphylla Pohl – Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais
108. Manihot tristis Müll.Arg. – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas, N Brazil
109. Manihot variifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. – Paraguay
110. Manihot violacea Pohl – Brazil
111. Manihot walkerae Croizat – Texas, Tamaulipas
112. Manihot websteri D.J.Rogers & Appan – Puebla, Oaxaca
113. Manihot weddelliana Baill. – Goiás
114. Manihot xavantinensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
115. Manihot zehntneri Ule – Bahia

variety treated as a species

1. Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii = Manihot glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Allem

formerly included^[4]

moved to Aleurites Cnidoscolus Jatropha

1. M. curcas – Jatropha curcas
2. M. diversifolia – Jatropha diversifolia
3. M. gossypiifolia – Jatropha gossypiifolia
4. M. herbacea – Cnidoscolus urens
5. M. moluccana – Aleurites moluccanus
6. M. multifida – Jatropha multifida
7. M. spinosissima – Cnidoscolus vitifolius
8. M. urens – Cnidoscolus urens

Pollination

Monoecy was demonstrated by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967.^[6]

References

1. "Genus: Manihot Mill". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
2. lectotype designated by R.A. Howard, Fl. Lesser Antilles 5: 64 (1989)
3. Tropicos, Manihot Mill.
4. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
5. Miller, Philip. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary...Abridged...fourth edition vol. 2
6. Webster, G. L. (2014). "Euphorbiaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 51–216/x+331. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. OCLC 868922400. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1. ISBN 3642394167.
7. Second, G.; Iglesias, C. (2001). "Chapter 11: The State of the Use of Cassava Genetic Diversity and a Proposal to Enhance it". In Cooper, H.D.; Spillane, C.; Hodgkin, T. (eds.). Broadening the Genetic Base of Crop Production. CABI Publications (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) in association with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. pp. 201–221. ISBN 978-0-85199-411-6. OCLC 44420773.

External links

Media related to Manihot at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Manihot at Wikispecies The dictionary definition of 'Manihot' at Wiktionary