Manidae

Manidae ("spirits") is the only extant family of pangolins.^[5] This family comprises three genera (Manis from subfamily Maninae, Phataginus from subfamily Phatagininae, and Smutsia from subfamily Smutsiinae),^[6][7] as well as the extinct Fayum pangolin.^[8]

Manidae Temporal range: 41.37–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N middle Eocene - present[1]
Living species of pangolins
Conservation status
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Pholidotamorpha
Order:	Pholidota
Suborder:	Eupholidota
Superfamily:	Manoidea
Family:	Manidae Gray, 1821[3]
Type genus
Manis Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
[see classification]
Species ranges:   Manis crassicaudata   Manis pentadactyla   Manis javanica   Manis culionensis   Phataginus tricuspis   Phataginus tetradactyla   Smutsia gigantea   Smutsia temminckii
Synonyms
list of synonyms: Manida (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992) Manididae (Gray, 1865) Manina (Gray, 1825)[4] Manisia (Rafinesque, 1815) Perilepia (Rafinesque, 1815)

Classification and phylogeny

History of classification

All species of living pangolin had been assigned to the genus Manis until the late 2000s, when research prompted the splitting of extant pangolins into three genera: Manis, Phataginus, and Smutsia.^[5][9]

Taxonomy

• Family: Manidae (pangolins)
  • Subfamily: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (Asian pangolins)
    • Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asian pangolin)
      • (unranked): northern Asian clade
        • Manis pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chinese pangolin)
        • †Manis hungarica (Kormos, 1934)
      • (unranked): southern Asian clade
        • Manis crassicaudata (Gray, 1827) (Indian pangolin)
        • Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)^[10][11][1]
        • †Manis lydekkeri (Dubois, 1908)
        • Subgenus: Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) (Southeast Asian pangolin)
          • Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822) (Sunda pangolin)
          • Manis culionensis (de Elera, 1895) (Philippine pangolin)
          • †Manis palaeojavanica (Dubois, 1907) (giant Asian pangolin)
  • (unranked): African clade
    • Subfamily: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (small African pangolins)
      • Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (African tree pangolin)
        • Phataginus tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) (long-tailed pangolin)
        • Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) (tree pangolin)
    • Subfamily: Smutsiinae (Gray, 1873) (large African pangolins)
      • Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (African ground pangolin)
        • Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (giant pangolin)
        • Smutsia temmincki (Smuts, 1832) (ground pangolin)
        • †Smutsia olteniensis (Terhune, 2021)^[12]
  • Incertae sedis
    • †Manidae sp. [DPC 3972 & DPC 4364] (Gebo & Rasmussen, 1985) (Fayum pangolin)

Manidae[7] Maninae/Manis Indian pangolin Philippine pangolin Sunda pangolin Chinese pangolin Smutsiinae/Smutsia Giant pangolin Ground pangolin Phatagininae/Phataginus Tree pangolin Long-tailed pangolin

See also

• Mammal classification
• Manoidea