Craspedocephalus malabaricus

Craspedocephalus malabaricus, (formerly Trimeresurus malabaricus) commonly known as Malabar pit viper, Malabar rock pit viper,^[3] or rock viper,^[4] is a venomous pit viper species endemic to the high-moderate elevations of Western Ghats of southwestern India. Recently this species complex was split into three different species: C. malabaricus (north of Palghat gap), C. travancoricus (south of Shengottai gap), and C. anamallensis (south of Palghat gap up to north of Shengottai gap).^[5]

Craspedocephalus malabaricus
Color morphs of Craspedocephalus malabaricus
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Craspedocephalus
Species:	C. malabaricus
Binomial name
Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)
Synonyms
List Trigonocephalus (Cophias) malabaricus Jerdon, 1854 Trigonocephalus (Cophias) wardii Jerdon, 1854 Trimesurus Malabaricus – Beddome, 1862 Trimesurus Wardii – Beddome, 1862 Trimeresurus anamallensis Günther, 1864 Crotalus Trimeres[urus]. anamallensis – Higgins, 1873 Crotalus Trimeres[urus]. Wardii – Higgins, 1873 B[othrops]. anamallensis – F. Müller, 1878 Lachesis anamallensis – Boulenger, 1896 Lachesis malabaricus – Rao, 1917 Lachesis coorgensis Rao, 1917 Trimeresurus (Craspedocephalus) malabaricus – David et al., 2011[2]

Description

Adults may attain a snout-vent length (SVL) of 105 cm (41 in). The tail is prehensile.^[6]

The weakly keeled dorsal scales are arranged in 21 or 19 rows at midbody. Ventral scales in the males number 143-158 and in females 136-159. Anal scale entire. Subcaudals paired and numbering 50-63 in males, 44-54 in females. Internasals large and usually touching. There are 9 or 10 supralabials, the first completely separated from the nasal. There is a single row of scales between supralabials and elongate subocular. The temporal scales are smooth or obliquely keeled.^[7]

Many different colour morphs are known to exist, including colours such as yellow, green, and brown. Shown here is a brown colour morph with pattern.

• 
  Collage of few different morphs
• 
  Dorsal view
• 
  Brown morph of in ambush position
• 
  Brown morph

Distribution and habitat

The species is endemic to Western Ghats mountains, occurring along the southern and western India at 600–2,000 metres (2,000–6,600 ft) elevation. The type locality is the Western Ghats of southwestern India. Records of this species are from Silent Valley, western Nilgiris, Wayanad, Coorg, Malnad region of Karnataka, Castle Rock, Goa and northwards into Maharashtra in the Amboli hills and Kolhapur area.^[8] It inhabits riparian forests and is very partial to hill streams and torrents, situated within dense wet rainforests, sometimes also evergreen and deciduous forests, where it may be found on the ground, on rocks present in stream beds, on low vegetation, or in shrubs.^{[6][verification needed]}

Ecology

The Malabar pit viper is nocturnal and usually inactive in the day, sometimes seen basking on rocks or trees near streams. It is more commonly encountered during the monsoon months. The species preys upon frogs, lizards, nestling birds, musk shrews, mice and other small animals.^{[6][verification needed]}

Venom

C. malabaricus is slow-moving, but capable of fast strikes. Its venom causes moderate pain and swelling to humans. These symptoms subside in a day or two.^[7]

References

1. Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B.; Shankar, G.; Thakur, S.; Kulkarni, N.U. & Jose, J. (2013). " Craspedocephalus malabaricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T172708A1372028. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172708A1372028.en.
2. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
3. Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S. 2004. Asian Pitvipers. Geitje Books. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
4. Mehrtens, John M. (1987). Living snakes of the world in color. Sterling Pub. Co. ISBN 9780806964607.
5. Mallik, Ashok Kumar; Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam; Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan; Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy; Campbell, Patrick D.; Malhotra, Anita; Shanker, Kartik (6 October 2021). "Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics – A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity". Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577–619. doi:10.3897/vz.71.e66239. ISSN 2625-8498.
6. Das, Indraneil. 2002. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. ISBN 0-88359-056-5. (Trimeresurus malabaricus, p. 66.)
7. Whitaker R, Captain A. 2004. Snakes of India, The Field Guide. Draco books.
8. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

Further reading

• Jerdon, T.C. 1854 ["1853"]. Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 22: 522-534.
• Smith, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xii + 583 pp. (Trimeresurus malabaricus, p. 513.)